Cell Biology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of liver cells?

  • Metabolizing organic compounds (correct)
  • Contracting
  • Replicating genetic information
  • Carrying oxygen

    • The surface area to volume ratio decreases as cells increase in size.

    True

    Who discovered cells and in what year?

    Robert Hooke in 1665

    Cells can be specialized; for example, red blood cells are specialized for carrying ______.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of human development with their descriptions:

    <p>Zygote = Fertilized egg Morula = Solid ball of cells Blastula = Hollow ball of cells Gastrula = Three germ layers and anus begins to form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about cell theory is incorrect?

    <p>Cells can arise from non-living matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells contain a unique set of genetic information specific to their function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many cells are there in an adult human body?

    <p>37.2 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins for export?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus is absent in prokaryotic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ synthesizes membrane lipids and detoxifies drugs.

    <p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their main function:

    <p>Lysosomes = Degradation of organic complexes Golgi Apparatus = Modification and packaging of proteins Nucleolus = Condensed DNA within the nucleus Cytoskeleton = Structure and support for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ribosomes primarily composed of?

    <p>Protein and rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement across membranes requires ATP?

    <p>Active Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes use enzymes to degrade and remove organic complexes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms spindle fibers during cell division?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion requires energy in the form of ATP.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>The spontaneous net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary pump responsible for moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell is called the ______.

    <p>Na+/K+ ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of movement with their descriptions:

    <p>Osmosis = Movement of water from lower to higher solute concentration Phagocytosis = Ingestion of solid particles by cells Pinocytosis = Ingestion of liquid by cells Diffusion = Movement from higher to lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect the movement of molecules across membranes?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cotransport moves two substances across a membrane in opposite directions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tonicity measure?

    <p>The osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for detoxifying drugs?

    <p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi Apparatus synthesizes proteins for export.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes within a cell?

    <p>To synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria contain their own ______ DNA.

    <p>mitochondrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary function:

    <p>Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Lysosomes = Degrade organic complexes Golgi Apparatus = Modify and package proteins Peroxisomes = Degrade using peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in cell movement?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus is present in all prokaryotic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance do lysosomes use to degrade and remove organic complexes?

    <p>Catalytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding cell theory?

    <p>All cells are similar chemically and functionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cell types have the same genetic material but perform different functions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in cells?

    <p>It allows for efficient waste removal and nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zygote undergoes several stages including the morula and __________.

    <p>blastula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their primary functions:

    <p>Liver Cells = Metabolize drugs and organic compounds Red Blood Cells = Carry oxygen Muscle Cells = Contract to produce movement Neurons = Transmit nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is selectively permeable?

    <p>Cell Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells originate from pre-existing cells, as stated in cell theory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized for discovering cells in 1665?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the spontaneous net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active movement across membranes does not require ATP.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tonicity measure?

    <p>Osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is defined as the in-pocketing of the membrane and the formation of a vesicle.

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the different types of movement across membranes with their descriptions:

    <p>Osmosis = Movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration Diffusion = Movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentration Phagocytosis = Ingestion of solids by a cell Pinocytosis = Ingestion of liquids by a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane pump transports two substances in the same direction?

    <p>Cotransport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion requires energy in the form of ATP.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor does NOT affect the movement of molecules across membranes?

    <p>Type of membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cells

    • Fundamental units of life, capable of specialization into various types such as liver cells, muscle cells, and red blood cells.
    • The function of a cell is dictated by the active genes; specialization results in distinct functions, e.g., liver cells metabolize drugs, RBCs transport oxygen, muscle cells enable contraction.
    • Despite functional differences, diverse cell types share more similarities than differences.

    Historical Perspective

    • Robert Hooke identified cells in 1665 with the advent of the microscope, laying the groundwork for cellular biology.

    Cell Theory

    • Established in the 1830s, consisting of several key tenets:
      • Cells are the fundamental structural and physiological units of all organisms.
      • Cells can exist as unicellular organisms or as components of multicellular entities.
      • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
      • Chemically, cells are comparable.
      • Most life’s chemical reactions occur within cells.
      • Cells possess genetic information that is replicated and inherited.

    Human Biology

    • An adult human contains roughly 37.2 trillion cells.
    • Development begins from a single zygote, progressing through morula, blastula, and gastrula stages.

    Surface Area to Volume Ratio

    • Cells maintain a small size to maximize their surface area relative to volume.
    • Increasing volume enhances cellular activity but also waste production.
    • The inability to expel waste effectively at larger volumes poses a risk to cell survival; notable exceptions include egg cells, skeletal muscle cells, and neurons.

    Organelles

    • Cell Membrane: A selectively permeable structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and membrane proteins.
    • Nucleus: Contains DNA, surrounded by a nuclear envelope formed by a double phospholipid bilayer; absent in prokaryotic cells.
    • Nucleolus: A dense structure within the nucleus, housing unused DNA.
    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis; some are free (local proteins) while others are attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Synthesis of proteins intended for secretion, marked by ribosomes on its membrane.
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lacks ribosomes, involved in calcium storage, lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and protein modification.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins typically for export; characterized by cis (nucleus-facing) and trans (opposite) sides.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell responsible for ATP production via cellular respiration, containing their own DNA.
    • Lysosomes: Organelles that degrade organic materials using enzymes.
    • Peroxisomes: Remove organic complexes using peroxide.
    • Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and support; includes microtubules (cilia and flagella for movement) and microfilaments (structural support and intracellular transport).
    • Centrioles: Form spindle fibers for cell division, usually existing in pairs termed centrosomes.

    Movement across Membranes

    • Selective permeability: Regulates movement in and out of the cell.
    • Passive Movement: Occurs without ATP, driven by concentration gradients; includes:
      • Osmosis: Movement of water from low to high solute concentrations.
      • Diffusion: Movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Utilizes protein channels for specific materials.
    • Active Movement: Requires ATP to transport substances against concentration gradients; includes membrane pumps:
      • Uniport: Moves one substance in one direction.
      • Cotransport: Moves two substances together in the same direction.
      • Exchange pump: Moves two substances in opposite directions, e.g., Na+/K+ ATPase.

    Factors Affecting Molecule Movement

    • Movement depends on molecule size, temperature, charge, and system gradient.

    Large Movement across Membranes

    • Endocytosis: Membrane in-pocketing to form vesicles; includes:
      • Phagocytosis: Ingestion of solid particles or even entire cells.
      • Pinocytosis: Ingestion of liquids.

    Cells

    • Fundamental units of life, capable of specialization into various types such as liver cells, muscle cells, and red blood cells.
    • The function of a cell is dictated by the active genes; specialization results in distinct functions, e.g., liver cells metabolize drugs, RBCs transport oxygen, muscle cells enable contraction.
    • Despite functional differences, diverse cell types share more similarities than differences.

    Historical Perspective

    • Robert Hooke identified cells in 1665 with the advent of the microscope, laying the groundwork for cellular biology.

    Cell Theory

    • Established in the 1830s, consisting of several key tenets:
      • Cells are the fundamental structural and physiological units of all organisms.
      • Cells can exist as unicellular organisms or as components of multicellular entities.
      • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
      • Chemically, cells are comparable.
      • Most life’s chemical reactions occur within cells.
      • Cells possess genetic information that is replicated and inherited.

    Human Biology

    • An adult human contains roughly 37.2 trillion cells.
    • Development begins from a single zygote, progressing through morula, blastula, and gastrula stages.

    Surface Area to Volume Ratio

    • Cells maintain a small size to maximize their surface area relative to volume.
    • Increasing volume enhances cellular activity but also waste production.
    • The inability to expel waste effectively at larger volumes poses a risk to cell survival; notable exceptions include egg cells, skeletal muscle cells, and neurons.

    Organelles

    • Cell Membrane: A selectively permeable structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and membrane proteins.
    • Nucleus: Contains DNA, surrounded by a nuclear envelope formed by a double phospholipid bilayer; absent in prokaryotic cells.
    • Nucleolus: A dense structure within the nucleus, housing unused DNA.
    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis; some are free (local proteins) while others are attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Synthesis of proteins intended for secretion, marked by ribosomes on its membrane.
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lacks ribosomes, involved in calcium storage, lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and protein modification.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins typically for export; characterized by cis (nucleus-facing) and trans (opposite) sides.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell responsible for ATP production via cellular respiration, containing their own DNA.
    • Lysosomes: Organelles that degrade organic materials using enzymes.
    • Peroxisomes: Remove organic complexes using peroxide.
    • Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and support; includes microtubules (cilia and flagella for movement) and microfilaments (structural support and intracellular transport).
    • Centrioles: Form spindle fibers for cell division, usually existing in pairs termed centrosomes.

    Movement across Membranes

    • Selective permeability: Regulates movement in and out of the cell.
    • Passive Movement: Occurs without ATP, driven by concentration gradients; includes:
      • Osmosis: Movement of water from low to high solute concentrations.
      • Diffusion: Movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Utilizes protein channels for specific materials.
    • Active Movement: Requires ATP to transport substances against concentration gradients; includes membrane pumps:
      • Uniport: Moves one substance in one direction.
      • Cotransport: Moves two substances together in the same direction.
      • Exchange pump: Moves two substances in opposite directions, e.g., Na+/K+ ATPase.

    Factors Affecting Molecule Movement

    • Movement depends on molecule size, temperature, charge, and system gradient.

    Large Movement across Membranes

    • Endocytosis: Membrane in-pocketing to form vesicles; includes:
      • Phagocytosis: Ingestion of solid particles or even entire cells.
      • Pinocytosis: Ingestion of liquids.

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