Cell Biology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cellular transport involves the uptake of nutrients into the cell?

  • Endocytosis (correct)
  • Transcytosis
  • Diffusion
  • Exocytosis

    • What is the primary function of exocytosis?

  • Removing waste products from the cell (correct)
  • Synthesizing proteins
  • Transporting macromolecules into the cell
  • Forming cell walls

    • Which type of endocytosis is involved in the uptake of large particles, like bacteria or cellular debris?

  • Phagocytosis (correct)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
  • Micropinocytosis
  • Caveolae

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytosis?

    <p>Ca2+ triggered non-constitutive exocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vesicle in exocytosis?

    <p>It fuses with the cell membrane to release its contents outside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between constitutive and regulated exocytosis?

    <p>Constitutive exocytosis is a continuous process, while regulated exocytosis is triggered by specific signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cytoplasm is TRUE?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does endocytosis differ from exocytosis in terms of its role in cell wall formation?

    <p>Exocytosis is involved in cell wall formation, while endocytosis is not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is essential for growth and repair in organisms?

    <p>Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Meiosis produces twice as many daughter cells as mitosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy level of the daughter cells produced through meiosis?

    <p>Haploid (n) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in organisms?

    <p>To create gametes for sexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does the separation of homologous chromosomes occur?

    <p>Anaphase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is meiosis an essential process for maintaining genetic diversity within a population?

    <p>Meiosis produces gametes with a combination of genetic material from both parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the polar bodies produced during female meiosis?

    <p>They are discarded and do not contribute to the next generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

    <p>Transcription of ribosomal RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromatin as cells prepare to divide?

    <p>It condenses to form chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does chromatin play in the cell?

    <p>Determining which proteins the cell produces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle synthesizes cellular materials?

    <p>Endoplasmic Reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endocytosis is specifically characterized by 'cell eating' larger particles?

    <p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does receptor-mediated endocytosis require for the process to occur?

    <p>Specific receptor proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process does the cell expel materials to the exterior environment?

    <p>Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes transcytosis?

    <p>Movement of substances into and out of cells on opposite sides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endocytosis allows cells to take in nutrients in small amounts from extracellular fluid?

    <p>Pinocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do coat proteins play in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>Form the vesicle from the plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily released from the cell during exocytosis?

    <p>Signaling proteins and waste products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Carries information from DNA to ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes transcription?

    <p>Copying DNA to form mRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, which molecule is primarily responsible for assembling the protein?

    <p>tRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of processes that lead from gene to protein?

    <p>Replication &gt; Transcription &gt; Translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases pair correctly during RNA synthesis?

    <p>Adenine with Uracil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does translation primarily occur in a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between DNA Polymerase and RNA Polymerase?

    <p>DNA Polymerase can proofread; RNA Polymerase cannot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of transcription differ from translation?

    <p>Transcription converts DNA into RNA, while translation converts RNA into proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of product does DNA polymerase synthesize during DNA replication?

    <p>Double-stranded DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA polymerase initiate transcription?

    <p>By recognizing the promoter region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA polymerase primarily function?

    <p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase?

    <p>RNA polymerase synthesizes a single-stranded RNA; DNA polymerase synthesizes a double-stranded DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, how many types of RNA polymerase are there?

    <p>Five (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is associated with prokaryotic cell division?

    <p>Binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DNA polymerase have in addition to synthesizing DNA?

    <p>Proofreading and DNA repair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is characterized by the actual division of the cell?

    <p>M phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA polymerase in cells?

    <p>Transcription of RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division called?

    <p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Endocytosis

    Process where cells engulf materials, forming vesicles.

    Phagocytosis

    A type of endocytosis where larger particles are engulfed by cells.

    Pinocytosis

    A form of endocytosis where small amounts of liquid are taken in by cells.

    Receptor-mediated endocytosis

    Endocytosis where specific receptors capture target molecules for transport.

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    Exocytosis

    Bulk transport process of moving materials from inside to outside the cell.

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    Vesicle

    A membrane-bound sac that transports materials in cells.

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    Transcytosis

    Transporting substances into, across, and out of the cell.

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    Coat proteins

    Proteins that help vesicles maintain shape and assist in budding off from the membrane.

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    Types of Endocytosis

    Includes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae, micropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.

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    Types of Exocytosis

    Includes Ca2+-triggered (regulated) and non-Ca2+ triggered (constitutive) exocytosis.

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    Vesicle Fate in Endocytosis

    In endocytosis, vesicles fuse with membrane-bound organelles after transport.

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    Vesicle Fate in Exocytosis

    In exocytosis, vesicles connect with the cell membrane to release contents.

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    Cytoplasm

    The material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus of the cell.

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    Nucleolus

    A prominent compartment in the nucleus responsible for rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly.

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    Chromatin

    Material containing DNA that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

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    Ribosomes

    Complexes that assemble proteins from mRNA, essential for protein synthesis.

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    Golgi Apparatus

    An organelle that packages proteins into vesicles for export from the cell.

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    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    An organelle that synthesizes cellular materials, including proteins and lipids.

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    Base Pairing

    Guanine pairs with Cytosine; Adenine pairs with Uracil.

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    mRNA

    Messenger RNA that carries DNA information to ribosomes.

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    rRNA

    Ribosomal RNA, the structural component of ribosomes.

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    tRNA

    Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

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    Transcription

    Process of converting DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).

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    Translation

    Decoding mRNA to assemble a protein at the ribosome.

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    DNA Replication

    Creates identical DNA strands from original DNA.

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    Differences in RNA Polymerases

    DNA Polymerase builds DNA; RNA Polymerase builds RNA.

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    Mitosis

    A process of cell division yielding two genetically identical daughter cells.

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    Stages of Mitosis

    Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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    Meiosis

    A type of cell division that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell.

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    Haploid vs Diploid

    Haploid (n) has half the chromosome number; diploid (2n) has the full set.

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    Meiosis Stages

    Meiosis involves two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.

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    Gametes

    Sex cells produced by meiosis, such as eggs and sperm.

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    Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

    In males, meiosis produces four spermatids; in females, it yields one egg.

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    Cell Division Comparison

    Mitosis creates identical cells; meiosis creates non-identical gametes.

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    DNA Polymerase

    An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA molecules during DNA replication.

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    RNA Polymerase

    An enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from DNA in transcription.

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    Phosphodiester Bonds

    Bonds formed between nucleotides by DNA and RNA polymerases.

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    5' to 3' Direction

    The direction in which DNA and RNA polymerases synthesize new strands.

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    Interphase

    The phase where a cell grows and replicates DNA before division.

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    Daughter Cells

    The two new cells that result from cell division.

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    Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

    A complex series of events involving interphase and mitosis.

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    Binary Fission

    A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a single cell divides.

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    Types of RNA Polymerase

    In eukaryotes, there are five types (I to V) of RNA polymerase.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    • Cells are the fundamental units of all living things, primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
    • Cells, as individual units, work together to form tissues and organs, enabling coordinated functions.
    • New cells form through cell division and differentiation, responding to internal and external changes within the body.
    • Human cells are categorized by size, shape, and function.
    • There are two main cell types: germ cells (sperm and oocytes) and somatic cells (all other cells).
    • Germ cells transmit genetic information to offspring, while somatic cells, including skeletal, muscle, blood, organ and tissue cells, ensure diverse functions within the organism.
    • Somatic cells are diploid (46 chromosomes in humans), while germ cells are haploid (23 chromosomes in humans).
    • Mutations in somatic cells don't affect offspring, but mutations in germ cells can be passed to the next generation.
    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.
    • White blood cells (leukocytes) defend against pathogens.
    • Blood cells comprise various types like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

    Plasma Membrane

    • The plasma membrane forms a barrier between the inside (intracellular fluid) and outside (extracellular fluid) of a cell.
    • It's a flexible membrane composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
    • Phospholipids have hydrophobic tails (water-fearing) and hydrophilic heads (water-loving), spontaneously organizing into a bilayer in water.
    • The membrane allows for the passage of small molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water) while regulating the passage of larger molecules (amino acids, sugars).
    • Membrane proteins perform various functions like transportation of molecules across the membrane.

    Membrane Proteins

    • Membrane proteins are crucial components of cell membranes.
    • They are categorized as intrinsic (permanently embedded) and extrinsic (loosely attached).
    • Intrinsic proteins often span the membrane, forming channels or assisting with the movement of ions and molecules across the membrane; these include transmembrane proteins.
    • Extrinsic proteins, also known as peripheral proteins, are located on the surface and interact with other proteins or membrane components, frequently participating in signaling processes.

    Transport Across a Cell Membrane

    • Substances move across membranes through passive transport (no energy required) or active transport (requires energy).
    • Passive transport includes diffusion, which substances move down a concentration gradient.
    • Active transport involves moving substances against a concentration gradient, often requiring energy (ATP).
    • Other transport mechanisms include facilitated diffusion and vesicular transport (bulk transport).
    • Vesicular transport includes endocytosis (materials move into the cell) and exocytosis (materials move out of the cell), transporting large substances or materials.

    Endocytosis

    • It's an active transport mechanism that moves materials into a cell.
    • Phagocytosis ("cell eating") engulfs large particles.
    • Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") takes in small amounts of extracellular fluid.
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis captures specific target molecules using receptor proteins on the cell surface.

    Exocytosis

    • It's an active transport process for moving materials out of the cell.
    • Materials are enclosed in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside.

    Transcytosis

    • It's a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis.
    • Active transport that takes materials across the cell via vesicles.

    Cytoplasm

    • The cytoplasm encompasses everything within a cell's membrane except the nucleus.
    • Cytosol (the intracellular fluid) is a fluid medium for cellular activities.
    • Cytoplasm involves a network of organelles.

    Nucleus

    • The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains most of the genetic material (DNA).
    • It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
    • Nucleolus, a dense region within the nucleus, is crucial for ribosome production.
    • Chromatin consists of DNA organized with proteins into a complex structure to be stored efficiently.

    DNA & RNA

    • DNA carries genetic instructions for making proteins.
    • RNA is involved in the protein synthesis process.
    • RNA acts as a messenger to transmit information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

    Cell Cycle

    • Cells divide to produce new cells via a complex process called the cell cycle
    • Interphase involves growth, DNA replication, and routine cellular functions.
    • Mitosis is the process of nuclear division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis.
    • Meiosis involves two rounds of division, producing four genetically diverse haploid daughter cells, essential for sexual reproduction.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are often called the powerhouse of the cell, a primary site for cellular respiration.

    Cell Organelles

    • Various organelles (compartments) have specific functions within the cell.
    • Organelles include the Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles, vacuoles, and vesicles.

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