Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which organelle synthesizes lipids?
Which organelle synthesizes lipids?
The Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis of proteins.
The Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis of proteins.
False
What structure forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane?
What structure forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane?
endoplasmic reticulum
Transmembrane proteins have a signal sequence that directs them to the ______.
Transmembrane proteins have a signal sequence that directs them to the ______.
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Match the following organelles with their functions:
Match the following organelles with their functions:
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What process do proteins undergo as they move through the Golgi apparatus?
What process do proteins undergo as they move through the Golgi apparatus?
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Vesicles transport materials between membrane compartments.
Vesicles transport materials between membrane compartments.
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Where does the synthesis of cytosolic proteins begin?
Where does the synthesis of cytosolic proteins begin?
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What is the proteome?
What is the proteome?
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More than one protein can be produced from a single gene due to alternative RNA splicing.
More than one protein can be produced from a single gene due to alternative RNA splicing.
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What do genes that do not code for proteins produce?
What do genes that do not code for proteins produce?
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The synthesis and transport of proteins occur within __________ membranes.
The synthesis and transport of proteins occur within __________ membranes.
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Which of the following factors can affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type?
Which of the following factors can affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type?
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Match the following components of eukaryotic cells with their associated functions:
Match the following components of eukaryotic cells with their associated functions:
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Eukaryotic cells have a high surface area to volume ratio due to their size.
Eukaryotic cells have a high surface area to volume ratio due to their size.
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What role does alternative RNA splicing play in protein production?
What role does alternative RNA splicing play in protein production?
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What is the major modification that occurs to proteins in the secretory pathway?
What is the major modification that occurs to proteins in the secretory pathway?
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Secreted proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and do not enter the RER.
Secreted proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and do not enter the RER.
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Name two examples of secreted proteins.
Name two examples of secreted proteins.
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Proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and are packaged into __________.
Proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and are packaged into __________.
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Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
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What type of bond links amino acids to form polypeptides?
What type of bond links amino acids to form polypeptides?
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Vesicles always move from the Golgi apparatus to the mitochondria.
Vesicles always move from the Golgi apparatus to the mitochondria.
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What determines the protein structure?
What determines the protein structure?
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What is phylogenetics primarily concerned with?
What is phylogenetics primarily concerned with?
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Genetic evidence can obscure relatedness due to divergent or convergent evolution.
Genetic evidence can obscure relatedness due to divergent or convergent evolution.
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What are model organisms?
What are model organisms?
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The study of heritable traits such as morphology, DNA sequences, and protein ________ helps infer an organism's evolutionary history.
The study of heritable traits such as morphology, DNA sequences, and protein ________ helps infer an organism's evolutionary history.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a factor used in phylogenetic studies?
Which of the following is NOT a factor used in phylogenetic studies?
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Visiting a zoological park is beneficial for learning about animal families and their relationships.
Visiting a zoological park is beneficial for learning about animal families and their relationships.
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Name one example of a model organism mentioned.
Name one example of a model organism mentioned.
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In a commensalism interaction, which of the following accurately describes the impact on the organisms involved?
In a commensalism interaction, which of the following accurately describes the impact on the organisms involved?
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The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that co-evolution leads to extinction for both species involved.
The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that co-evolution leads to extinction for both species involved.
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What is the outcome for the host organism in a parasitic relationship?
What is the outcome for the host organism in a parasitic relationship?
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In a (+/0) relationship, only one organism benefits, while the other is ______.
In a (+/0) relationship, only one organism benefits, while the other is ______.
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Match the type of ecological interaction with the correct description:
Match the type of ecological interaction with the correct description:
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What is one cost associated with sexual reproduction?
What is one cost associated with sexual reproduction?
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The Red Queen hypothesis indicates that species do not need to adapt to survive.
The Red Queen hypothesis indicates that species do not need to adapt to survive.
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Name a benefit of sexual reproduction.
Name a benefit of sexual reproduction.
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What does absolute fitness represent?
What does absolute fitness represent?
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A value of absolute fitness less than 1 indicates an increase in the genotype frequency.
A value of absolute fitness less than 1 indicates an increase in the genotype frequency.
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What is co-evolution?
What is co-evolution?
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Relative fitness compares the number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype to the number of surviving offspring per individual of the ______ genotype.
Relative fitness compares the number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype to the number of surviving offspring per individual of the ______ genotype.
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Match the types of symbiotic interactions with their descriptions:
Match the types of symbiotic interactions with their descriptions:
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If the absolute fitness of a genotype is 1, what does this indicate?
If the absolute fitness of a genotype is 1, what does this indicate?
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Symbiotic relationships can only have positive impacts on the species involved.
Symbiotic relationships can only have positive impacts on the species involved.
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What is an example of co-evolution?
What is an example of co-evolution?
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Study Notes
Key Area 1: Laboratory Techniques for Biologists
- Health and Safety: Laboratory hazards include toxic chemicals, heat, flammable substances, pathogenic organisms, and mechanical equipment.
- Risk Assessment: Risk is the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard. Risk assessment identifies control measures to minimize risk. These include appropriate handling techniques, protective clothing and equipment, and aseptic techniques.
- Learning Activities: Students should learn standard lab rules and risk assessment procedures.
Key Area 1: Liquids and Solutions
- Dilution Types: Linear dilutions have equal intervals (e.g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3...). Log dilutions have constant proportions (e.g., 10⁻¹, 10⁻², 10⁻³...).
- Equipment: Students should become familiar with measuring cylinders, pipettes, burettes, autopipettes, and syringes.
Key Area 2: Production of a Standard Curve
- Determining an Unknown: Plotting measured values for known concentrations creates a line or curve; this allows determination of the unknown concentration.
- Use of Buffers: Maintaining a constant pH (e.g., using buffers) during experiments is important to control the reaction mixture.
- Colorimeters and Spectrophotometers: Calibration with a blank provides a baseline; absorbance measures concentration of colored solutions; percentage transmission gauges turbidity (e.g., in cells).
Key Area 3: Separation Techniques
- Centrifugation: More dense components settle at the bottom (pellet), while less dense ones remain on top (supernatant).
- Chromatography: Techniques like paper and thin layer chromatography separate substances based on differing solubilities in solvents.
Key Area 4: Principle of Affinity Chromatography
- Separating Proteins: A solid matrix or gel column is created with specific molecules. Target proteins with high affinity attach; other molecules are washed out.
Key Area 4: Principle of Gel Electrophoresis
- Separating Substances: Charged molecules move through an electric field applied to a gel matrix. Used to separate proteins and nucleic acids.
- Native Gels: Do not denature molecules, separating based on shape, size, and charge.
- SDS-PAGE: Denatures molecules resulting in separation by size only.
- Isoelectric Point (IEP): A pH where a protein has no net charge and readily precipitates out of solution. Electrophoresis in an IEP gradient stops a protein at its IEP.
Key Area 5: Detecting Proteins
-
Immunoassay: Techniques use antibodies to detect and identify specific proteins.
- Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs): Stocks of antibodies with identical specificity, linked to a chemical label.
- ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay): A technique to detect specific antigens using enzyme-linked antibodies.
- Western Blotting: Separated proteins from SDS-PAGE are transferred to a solid medium for detection.
Key Area 6: Microscopy
- Bright-field Microscopy: Used to observe whole organisms, sections of dissected tissue, or individual cells.
- Fluorescence Microscopy: Specific fluorescent labels bind to and visualize molecules or structures within cells or tissues.
Key Area 7: Aseptic Techniques and Cell Culture
- Sterilization: Aseptic techniques eliminate unwanted microbes by sterilising equipment and culture media.
- Contaminants: Proper techniques prevent contamination.
- Culture Media: Growth of specific microbes is promoted.
Key Area 8: Animal Cells in Culture
- Growth Factors: Proteins promoting cell growth and proliferation are essential for animal cell culture.
- Cell Lines: Primary cell lines divide a limited number of times; tumor cell lines divide indefinitely.
- Plating and Counting: Plating out microbial cultures on solid media; counting colony-forming units estimates cell density.
- Haemocytometer: A tool for estimating cell numbers in liquid culture.
Key Area 9: Proteins
- The Proteome: The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome. The proteome is larger than the number of genes, especially in eukaryotes.
Key Area 9 (b): Intracellular and Transport of Proteins
- Intracellular Membranes: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes increasing the total membrane surface area used for various functions
Key Area 9 (ii): Synthesis of Membrane Components
- Lipids and Proteins: Synthesised in the ER.
- Rough ER vs Smooth ER: Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
- Vesicles: Transport materials between organelles.
Key Area 10: The Secretory Pathway
- Secreted Proteins: Synthesized on ribosomes, enter the RER lumen, travel through Golgi, packaged into secretory vesicles, and released from the cell.
- Proteolytic Cleavage: Many secreted proteins are inactive precursors requiring cleavage to become active proteins.
Key Area 11: Amino Acid Sequence
- Peptide Bonds: Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
- R Group Differences: Diversity in R groups account for the diversity of protein function.
Key Area 11 (ii): Ligand Binding
- Ligands and Conformational Change: Ligands, substances that bind to a protein, cause conformational changes in the protein to initiate a function.
- Allosteric Interactions: Interactions between spatially distinct sites, including binding sites, that can influence protein function.
- Allosteric Proteins: Exhibit cooperativity in binding/function. Protein changes shape when a binding site ligand binds.
Key Area 12: Post-Translational Protein Modifications
- Enzyme Phosphorylation: Phosphorylation cascades, triggered by protein kinases and phosphatases, modify protein activity.
- Conformation Changes: Phosphorylation alters the protein's three-dimensional structure, enabling or inhibiting some functions.
Key Area 13: Membrane Proteins
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Membranes are fluid structures with proteins embedded within a phospholipid bilayer.
- Types of Proteins: Integral proteins extend through the membrane; peripheral proteins are bound to the surface.
Key Area 14: Transport Across Membranes
- Passive Transport: Movement along the concentration gradient, exemplified by simple and facilitated diffusion.
- Active Transport: Requires energy (often ATP hydrolysis) to move substances against their concentration gradient.
- Ion Channels and Gradients: Channels allow ion passage; ion pumps maintain ion gradients.
Key Area 15: Membrane proteins, communication and signalling
- Cell signalling: Communication between cells through extracellular signalling molecules.
- Hormones, peptide & neurotransmitters: Examples of extracellular signalling molecules.
- Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic signalling: Hydrophobic signalling molecules (e.g., steroid hormones) can pass directly through cell membranes binding to intracellular receptors; hydrophilic ones (e.g., peptide hormones) bind to transmembrane receptors which triggers signal transduction.
- Receptor Molecules: Specific proteins on target cells, binding to signalling molecules eliciting a response (like insulin to GLUT4).
- Signal Transduction: Binding of the ligand changes the receptor conformation triggering responses within the cell.
Key Area 16: Other Processes
- Nerve Impulse Transmission: Resting membrane potential; action potential is a wave of electrical excitation across a neuron, involving changes in ion permeability through membrane ion channels.
- Neurotransmitters: Initiate responses by binding to receptors.
- Post-Translational Modification: Process after the protein has been made, that causes changes to its structure and/or activity.
Key Area 17: Co-Evolution
- Symbiotic Relationships: Co-evolution occurs between species interacting intimately, with positive (+/+), negative (-/-) or neutral (+/0) consequences.
Key Area 18: Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
- Cell Cycle Phases: Sequence of events leading to cell division; includes interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis, with specific checkpoints.
- Metaphase Checkpoint: Progression is halted until chromosomes are aligned and attached to spindle microtubules.
- Apoptosis: Triggered by external or internal signals leading to programmed cell death by activating caspases (proteases).
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell biology with this quiz focusing on organelles, protein synthesis, and their functions. You'll explore various key concepts such as lipid synthesis, Golgi apparatus roles, and proteome understanding. Perfect for students diving into eukaryotic cell functions!
