Cell Biology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  • They have a cell membrane.
  • They have cytoplasm.
  • They have a nucleus. (correct)
  • They have a cell wall.

What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. (correct)
  • Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall, while prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Eukaryotic cells are much smaller than prokaryotic cells.

Which of the following parts is found in both animal and plant cells?

  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell wall

What is the function of the cell membrane?

<p>To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

<p>To produce energy through cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stem cells?

<p>Stem cells are only found in embryos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of plasmids in bacterial cells?

<p>To carry extra genetic information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells called?

<p>Mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are specialized to carry out a specific function in animals?

<p>Muscle cells (A), Nerve cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phloem cells in plants?

<p>Transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main importance of cell differentiation in organisms?

<p>Enabling cells to perform specialized functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mature animals, what is the primary role of cell division?

<p>Repairing damaged tissues and replacing old cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

<p>A light microscope uses light to illuminate the sample, while an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate magnification in microscopy?

<p>Magnification = Size of image / Size of real object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these prefixes represents the smallest unit of measurement?

<p>nano (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often can bacteria multiply under ideal conditions?

<p>Every 20 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sterilizing petri dishes and culture media before use in microbiology experiments?

<p>To prevent contamination from other microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum temperature recommended for incubating bacterial cultures in school and college laboratories?

<p>25°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Basic unit of life

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

Mitosis

A process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into different cell types.

Eukaryotic cells

Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in plants and animals.

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Prokaryotic cells

Simple, smaller cells without a nucleus, like bacteria.

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Cell membrane

The outer layer of a cell that controls what enters and exits.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, making food from sunlight.

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Cell wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant and algal cells, providing support and protection.

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Cell Specialization

Cells have unique structures related to specific functions in organisms.

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Examples of Specialized Cells

Sperm, nerve, and muscle cells in animals; root hair, xylem, and phloem cells in plants.

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Cell Differentiation

The process where unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells.

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Microscopy Development

The evolution of microscopy techniques allowing better observation of cells.

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Electron Microscope

A type of microscope with high magnification and resolution for observing sub-cellular structures.

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Magnification Calculation

Formula: Magnification = Size of Image / Real Size of Object.

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Aseptic Technique

Methods to prevent contamination during culturing microorganisms.

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Binary Fission

The method by which bacteria reproduce, doubling their population rapidly.

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Zones of Inhibition

Areas around antibiotic discs where bacteria cannot grow, indicating effectiveness.

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Culturing Microorganisms

Growing bacteria under controlled conditions for research purposes.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology

  • Cells are the fundamental units of all living things.
  • Structural differences in cells allow them to perform specific functions.
  • Gene control these differences within the nucleus.
  • Mitosis is cell division that creates two identical cells, allowing growth.
  • Stem cells, collected early in growth, are versatile and can develop into various cell types.
  • Stem cell technology repairs damaged organs by growing new tissue.

Cell Structure

  • Eukaryotes (plant and animal cells):
    • Cell membrane
    • Cytoplasm
    • Nucleus containing genetic material
  • Prokaryotes (bacterial cells):
    • Much smaller than eukaryotes.
    • Cytoplasm
    • Cell membrane
    • Cell wall
    • Genetic material (single DNA loop, plus plasmids – small rings of DNA)
    • No nucleus

Animal and Plant Cells

  • Animal cells:
    • Nucleus
    • Cytoplasm
    • Cell membrane
    • Mitochondria
    • Ribosomes
  • Plant cells:
    • All animal cell structures
    • Chloroplasts
    • Permanent vacuole (filled with cell sap)
    • Cell wall (made of cellulose for support)

Cell Specialization

  • Cells are specialized for specific roles.
  • Examples in animals: sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells.
  • Examples in plants: root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells

Cell Differentiation

  • Cells differentiate (become specialized) during development.
  • Most animal cells differentiate early in development.
  • Many plant cells can differentiate throughout their life.
  • Cell division in mature animals is mainly for repair and replacement.
  • Specialized cells have specific structures to perform their functions.

Microscopy

  • Microscopy techniques have advanced over time.
  • Electron microscopes have greater magnification and resolution, allowing examination of sub-cellular structures.
  • Microscopy calculations use: magnification = image size / real size
  • Standard form may be needed for calculations.

Culturing Microorganisms (Biology Only)

  • Bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission (every ~20 minutes).
  • Bacteria culture methods include nutrient broth and agar gel plates.
  • Uncontaminated cultures are key for testing disinfectants/antibiotics.
  • Aseptic techniques are critical for uncontaminated cultures (sterilize equipment, secure lids).
    • Petri dishes and media are sterilized before use.
    • Inoculating loops are sterilized with flame.
    • Lids are taped and stored upside down.
    • Incubate at a maximum of 25°C in a lab environment.
  • Bacteria population growth can be calculated if the division time is known.
  • Cross-sectional area calculations using Ï€r² may be needed.
  • Experiments may investigate antiseptic/antibiotic effects on bacterial growth.

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