Cell Biology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  • They have a cell membrane.
  • They have cytoplasm.
  • They have a nucleus. (correct)
  • They have a cell wall.

    • What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. (correct)
  • Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall, while prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Eukaryotic cells are much smaller than prokaryotic cells.

    • Which of the following parts is found in both animal and plant cells?

  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell wall

    • What is the function of the cell membrane?

    <p>To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>To produce energy through cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stem cells?

    <p>Stem cells are only found in embryos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasmids in bacterial cells?

    <p>To carry extra genetic information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells called?

    <p>Mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are specialized to carry out a specific function in animals?

    <p>Muscle cells (A), Nerve cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phloem cells in plants?

    <p>Transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main importance of cell differentiation in organisms?

    <p>Enabling cells to perform specialized functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mature animals, what is the primary role of cell division?

    <p>Repairing damaged tissues and replacing old cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately describes the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

    <p>A light microscope uses light to illuminate the sample, while an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate magnification in microscopy?

    <p>Magnification = Size of image / Size of real object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these prefixes represents the smallest unit of measurement?

    <p>nano (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often can bacteria multiply under ideal conditions?

    <p>Every 20 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sterilizing petri dishes and culture media before use in microbiology experiments?

    <p>To prevent contamination from other microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum temperature recommended for incubating bacterial cultures in school and college laboratories?

    <p>25°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Basic unit of life

    Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

    Mitosis

    A process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

    Stem cells

    Undifferentiated cells that can develop into different cell types.

    Eukaryotic cells

    Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in plants and animals.

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    Prokaryotic cells

    Simple, smaller cells without a nucleus, like bacteria.

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    Cell membrane

    The outer layer of a cell that controls what enters and exits.

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    Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, making food from sunlight.

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    Cell wall

    A rigid outer layer found in plant and algal cells, providing support and protection.

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    Cell Specialization

    Cells have unique structures related to specific functions in organisms.

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    Examples of Specialized Cells

    Sperm, nerve, and muscle cells in animals; root hair, xylem, and phloem cells in plants.

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    Cell Differentiation

    The process where unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells.

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    Microscopy Development

    The evolution of microscopy techniques allowing better observation of cells.

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    Electron Microscope

    A type of microscope with high magnification and resolution for observing sub-cellular structures.

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    Magnification Calculation

    Formula: Magnification = Size of Image / Real Size of Object.

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    Aseptic Technique

    Methods to prevent contamination during culturing microorganisms.

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    Binary Fission

    The method by which bacteria reproduce, doubling their population rapidly.

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    Zones of Inhibition

    Areas around antibiotic discs where bacteria cannot grow, indicating effectiveness.

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    Culturing Microorganisms

    Growing bacteria under controlled conditions for research purposes.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    • Cells are the fundamental units of all living things.
    • Structural differences in cells allow them to perform specific functions.
    • Gene control these differences within the nucleus.
    • Mitosis is cell division that creates two identical cells, allowing growth.
    • Stem cells, collected early in growth, are versatile and can develop into various cell types.
    • Stem cell technology repairs damaged organs by growing new tissue.

    Cell Structure

    • Eukaryotes (plant and animal cells):
      • Cell membrane
      • Cytoplasm
      • Nucleus containing genetic material
    • Prokaryotes (bacterial cells):
      • Much smaller than eukaryotes.
      • Cytoplasm
      • Cell membrane
      • Cell wall
      • Genetic material (single DNA loop, plus plasmids – small rings of DNA)
      • No nucleus

    Animal and Plant Cells

    • Animal cells:
      • Nucleus
      • Cytoplasm
      • Cell membrane
      • Mitochondria
      • Ribosomes
    • Plant cells:
      • All animal cell structures
      • Chloroplasts
      • Permanent vacuole (filled with cell sap)
      • Cell wall (made of cellulose for support)

    Cell Specialization

    • Cells are specialized for specific roles.
    • Examples in animals: sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells.
    • Examples in plants: root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells

    Cell Differentiation

    • Cells differentiate (become specialized) during development.
    • Most animal cells differentiate early in development.
    • Many plant cells can differentiate throughout their life.
    • Cell division in mature animals is mainly for repair and replacement.
    • Specialized cells have specific structures to perform their functions.

    Microscopy

    • Microscopy techniques have advanced over time.
    • Electron microscopes have greater magnification and resolution, allowing examination of sub-cellular structures.
    • Microscopy calculations use: magnification = image size / real size
    • Standard form may be needed for calculations.

    Culturing Microorganisms (Biology Only)

    • Bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission (every ~20 minutes).
    • Bacteria culture methods include nutrient broth and agar gel plates.
    • Uncontaminated cultures are key for testing disinfectants/antibiotics.
    • Aseptic techniques are critical for uncontaminated cultures (sterilize equipment, secure lids).
      • Petri dishes and media are sterilized before use.
      • Inoculating loops are sterilized with flame.
      • Lids are taped and stored upside down.
      • Incubate at a maximum of 25°C in a lab environment.
    • Bacteria population growth can be calculated if the division time is known.
    • Cross-sectional area calculations using πr² may be needed.
    • Experiments may investigate antiseptic/antibiotic effects on bacterial growth.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of cell biology in this quiz, covering the structure and function of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Learn about mitosis, stem cells, and the key differences between animal and plant cells. Test your knowledge on how these components contribute to the overall function of living organisms.

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