Cell Biology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What role do centrioles play during cell division?

  • They synthesize proteins necessary for cell division.
  • They form the spindle fibers that pull chromosomes to the poles. (correct)
  • They are responsible for DNA replication.
  • They maintain the cell's shape.

Which component of the cytoskeleton is involved in cell contraction and cytokinesis?

  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microtubules
  • Centrosomes
  • Microfilaments (correct)

How many microtubules are present in each centriole, based on their structure?

  • 45 microtubules
  • 36 microtubules
  • 18 microtubules
  • 27 microtubules (correct)

What is the primary function of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

<p>To provide structural support to the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is primarily associated with microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

<p>Tubulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

<p>To control the passage of molecules in and out of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nucleus primarily contain?

<p>Chromatin (DNA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?

<p>Mitochondrion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ribosomes play within the cell?

<p>Protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

<p>Sorting and packaging of proteins and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins?

<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the lysosome?

<p>Breaking down cellular waste products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for movement in certain cells?

<p>Flagellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

<p>ATP production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

<p>A series of interconnected membranes with ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) primarily synthesize?

<p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

<p>Processing and packaging of proteins and lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digestion of cellular waste products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer membrane of mitochondria is described as:

<p>Smooth and continuous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form do secretory vesicles arise after processing in the Golgi apparatus?

<p>From the trans face of the Golgi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lysosome is formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome with a phagosome?

<p>Secondary lysosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of mitochondria relate to cell activity?

<p>Directly proportional (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the digestion of foreign particles by lysosomes?

<p>Heterophagy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

<p>Calcium storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell when it undergoes autolysis?

<p>The cell digests itself due to damage or unnecessity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are lysosomes synthesized within the cell?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes ribosomes from lysosomes?

<p>Lysosomes are formed from vesicles while ribosomes are not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of cellular debris after being digested by lysosomes?

<p>It becomes a residual body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?

<p>To catalyze the breakdown of waste products and cellular debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is a thin layer surrounding the cell, composed of phospholipids and proteins. It acts as a gatekeeper, controlling what enters and exits the cell.

Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA) and directing cellular activities.

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance filling the cell, providing a medium for organelles to function and move.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are small, granular structures involved in protein synthesis, essentially translating genetic code into functional proteins.

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Mitochondria

Mitochondria are bean-shaped organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) for the cell's activities.

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RER

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a network of membranes studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis and modifications.

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SER

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is a network of membranes without ribosomes, involved in lipid and steroid synthesis and detoxification.

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Golgi Complex

The Golgi complex is a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs responsible for sorting, packaging, and distributing proteins and lipids.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes that extend from the nuclear membrane through the cytoplasm.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A type of ER with ribosomes attached, responsible for synthesizing, storing, and delivering proteins.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A type of ER without ribosomes attached, involved in lipid synthesis, glycogen storage, calcium storage, and drug detoxification.

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Golgi Apparatus (GA)

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. Involved in processing and packaging of proteins and lipids.

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Sacculus (Flattened Vesicles)

Flattened vesicles in the Golgi apparatus arranged in stacks. They have two faces: cis (immature, towards ER) and trans (mature, towards cell exterior).

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Transfer Vesicle (microvesicle)

Small vesicles that arise from the RER and carry synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus.

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What are centrioles?

Small, cylindrical structures found near the nucleus, essential for cell division. They form spindle fibers which pull chromosomes to the poles during cell division.

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What is a centrosome?

Two centrioles positioned at right angles to each other come together to form a centrosome.

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What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that gives shape to the cell, helps move organelles, and aids in cell division.

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What are microfilaments?

The thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of actin. They are involved in cell movement, contraction, and cytokinesis.

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What are microtubules?

The thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of tubulin. They are involved in cell movement, organelle transport, and the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.

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Acrosome

A specialized vesicle in sperm that contains enzymes that help break down the outer layer of the egg during fertilization.

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Lysosome

Small, membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes for breaking down cellular waste, worn-out parts, and foreign invaders. They are like the cell's recycling and garbage disposal centers.

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Primary lysosome

Newly formed lysosomes filled with enzymes, waiting to be activated.

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Secondary lysosome

A lysosome that has fused with a phagosome or autophagosome, actively digesting cellular debris or waste products.

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Heterophagy

The process where lysosomes engulf and break down foreign particles like bacteria or viruses.

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Autophagy

The process where lysosomes break down worn-out parts of the cell, like old mitochondria, for recycling.

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Autolysis

The process of self-destruction, where lysosomes release enzymes to completely break down the cell, often when the cell is damaged or no longer needed.

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Phagosome

A vesicle formed when the cell engulfs a foreign object, like a bacteria, for the lysosome to digest. It's like a 'catcher' for invaders.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology

  • Cell biology is the study of cells, their structure, function, and interactions.

Cell Structure

  • A cell is composed of a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
  • The cell membrane encloses the cell.
  • The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA).
  • The cytoplasm is the area between the membrane and the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

  • The cytoplasm consists of organelles, matrix, and non-living inclusions.
  • Organelles perform specific functions within the cell.
  • Membranous organelles have membranes that separate their contents from the cytoplasm.
  • Non-membranous organelles do not have these membranes.

Organelles

  • Membranous:
    • Mitochondria: The main energy source of the cell. Their structure includes a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae, increasing the surface area for energy production. The number of mitochondria and cristae are directly proportional to cell activity.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membrane-bound tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae). There are two types: rough ER (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis; smooth ER (SER) lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug detoxification.
    • Golgi apparatus (GA): A series of flattened sacs (cisternae) involved in processing, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids. It has a cis and trans face.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes and are involved in breaking down waste materials.
  • Non-Membranous:
    • Ribosomes: Small organelles that synthesize proteins. There are free ribosomes (in the cytoplasm) and attached ribosomes (on the RER).
    • Centrioles: Cylindrical organelles that play a role in cell division by forming spindle fibers.
    • Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers that maintain cell shape, support the cell, and move organelles. Types include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Mitochondria

  • Shape: Variable (e.g., granular, rod-like)
  • Structure: Membranous vesicle surrounded by a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth; the inner membrane folds into cristae.
  • Function: Main source of energy production in the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Structure: Series of interconnecting membranes in the form of tubules or cisternae.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Surface attached with ribosomes, close to nucleus, function in protein synthesis, storage, and delivery.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Not attached with ribosomes, far from nucleus, involved in lipid synthesis, glycogen storage, detoxification and, calcium storage.

Golgi Apparatus (GA)

  • Structure: System of flattened sacs (cisternae), cis face receives proteins and trans face sends out processed proteins.
  • Function: Processes, packages, and transports proteins and lipids. It is responsible for making secretory vesicles and can form lysosomes.

Lysosomes

  • Structure: Membranous vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., proteases, lipases).
  • Function: Involved in digestion of foreign particles (heterophagy), cellular waste and organelles (autophagy), and cellular death (autolysis). They play a significant role in breaking down cellular materials.

Ribosomes

  • Structure: Dense granules of nucleoprotein (rRNA + protein), composed of two subunits (large and small) Free in cytosol or bound to the RER.
  • Function: Synthesize proteins. Free ribosomes make proteins for use inside the cell; attached ribosomes make proteins for secretion outside the cell.

Centrioles

  • Structure: Cylindrical, composed of 9 bundles of microtubules (9x3 = 27 microtubules), organized into a centrosome.
  • Function: Play a crucial role in cell division by forming spindle fibers that move chromosomes to opposite poles.

Cytoskeleton

  • Structure: Network of protein fibers (microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments).
  • Function: Maintains cell shape, supports the cell, holds and moves organelles, involved in cell division.

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Cell Biology PDF

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Explore the fundamental concepts of cell biology, focusing on cell structure, organelles, and the cytoplasm. This quiz covers the components of cells, their functions, and the relationships between different cellular structures. Perfect for students learning about biology at a basic level.

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