Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
- To synthesize proteins
- To store genetic information
- To break down ingested food and recycle components (correct)
- To promote cell mobility
Which of the following best describes the role of peroxisomes?
Which of the following best describes the role of peroxisomes?
- They provide structural support to the cell.
- They synthesize glycoproteins for the extracellular matrix.
- They neutralize hydrogen peroxide to prevent cellular damage. (correct)
- They absorb nutrients and build cellular structures.
What are ribosomes primarily composed of?
What are ribosomes primarily composed of?
- DNA and protein
- Peptides and nucleotides
- Lipids and carbohydrates
- RNA and protein (correct)
Which component of the cytoskeleton is made of tubulin?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is made of tubulin?
What is the smallest class of filaments in the cytoskeleton?
What is the smallest class of filaments in the cytoskeleton?
What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell?
What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell?
Which statement is true regarding non-membrane-bound organelles?
Which statement is true regarding non-membrane-bound organelles?
During cytokinesis, which cytoskeletal filament is particularly important?
During cytokinesis, which cytoskeletal filament is particularly important?
What major activity occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
What major activity occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
What is the outcome of the S phase of the cell cycle?
What is the outcome of the S phase of the cell cycle?
Which of the following processes is not directly associated with the G2 phase?
Which of the following processes is not directly associated with the G2 phase?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Which of the following stages is not part of mitosis?
Which of the following stages is not part of mitosis?
During which stage do the chromosomes first become visible as short and thick rods?
During which stage do the chromosomes first become visible as short and thick rods?
What occurs during the metaphase of mitosis?
What occurs during the metaphase of mitosis?
Which organelle is replicated during the G2 phase to facilitate cell division?
Which organelle is replicated during the G2 phase to facilitate cell division?
What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen (O2) enters a cell?
What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen (O2) enters a cell?
What causes carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse out of the cell?
What causes carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse out of the cell?
What is the result when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
What is the result when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
What term is used to describe solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell?
What term is used to describe solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell?
How does water primarily move across the cell membrane?
How does water primarily move across the cell membrane?
What defines a solution that is hypertonic?
What defines a solution that is hypertonic?
What occurs during osmosis?
What occurs during osmosis?
In what condition can osmotic balance be disrupted?
In what condition can osmotic balance be disrupted?
What is the primary reason that causes the movement of molecules in a solution?
What is the primary reason that causes the movement of molecules in a solution?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?
In which scenario would diffusion generally occur most quickly?
In which scenario would diffusion generally occur most quickly?
How does an increase in temperature affect molecular movement?
How does an increase in temperature affect molecular movement?
What happens to molecules once they are evenly distributed in a solution?
What happens to molecules once they are evenly distributed in a solution?
How does a concentration gradient influence molecular diffusion?
How does a concentration gradient influence molecular diffusion?
Which statement best describes the role of charge in diffusion?
Which statement best describes the role of charge in diffusion?
What effect does an increase in pressure have on diffusion?
What effect does an increase in pressure have on diffusion?
What is the primary energy source for passive transport mechanisms in cells?
What is the primary energy source for passive transport mechanisms in cells?
Which of the following best describes simple diffusion?
Which of the following best describes simple diffusion?
Active transport differs from passive transport in that it requires ____.
Active transport differs from passive transport in that it requires ____.
Which transport mechanism requires the cell to do work?
Which transport mechanism requires the cell to do work?
Exocytosis and endocytosis are processes involved in ____.
Exocytosis and endocytosis are processes involved in ____.
What characterizes facilitated transport compared to simple diffusion?
What characterizes facilitated transport compared to simple diffusion?
Which of the following statements about passive transport is accurate?
Which of the following statements about passive transport is accurate?
The purpose of the cell membrane functioning as a 'gatekeeper' is to ____.
The purpose of the cell membrane functioning as a 'gatekeeper' is to ____.
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Study Notes
Cellular Structures and Functions
- Digested food and recycled components are released into the cytosol for cell use.
- Indigestible food remains in lysosomes, forming residual bodies for elimination via exocytosis.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes are vital for cellular metabolism; they absorb nutrients and contain digestive enzymes.
- They neutralize hydrogen peroxide, preventing DNA and membrane damage, promoting long-term cell health.
Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles
- Ribosomes: Composed of RNA and protein, ribosomes can be free, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or form polyribosomes, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis.
- Cytoskeleton: Made of structural proteins, maintaining cell shape and enabling mobility with three main filament types:
- Microtubules: Largest filaments, made of tubulin, crucial for cell shape and motility.
- Intermediate filaments: Medium-sized, composed of keratin, support cell shape.
- Microfilaments: Smallest, made of actin, important for cytokinesis and cellular mobility.
Cell Cycle Phases
- G1 Phase: Cells perform metabolic activities, synthesizing mRNA and proteins, and enlarging in volume.
- S Phase: DNA replication occurs, doubling genetic material; chromosomes consist of two chromatids.
- G2 Phase: Rapid cell growth and preparation for division; synthesis of essential organelles, including centrioles for cell division.
Mitosis
- Mitosis involves division of somatic and germ cells, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Stages of mitosis:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, centrosomes move apart, nuclear envelope disassembles.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, preparing for separation.
Membrane Structure and Function
- The cell membrane is referred to as the "gatekeeper," controlling substance movement into and out of cells.
Transport Mechanisms
- Two categories of transport: passive (no energy required) and active (energy expended by the cell).
- Passive Transport: Includes simple diffusion and osmosis; relies on concentration gradients.
- Simple Diffusion: Molecules move from high to low concentration until distributed equally; affected by size, temperature, concentration, charge, and pressure.
- Osmosis: Specific to water movement, occurs through semipermeable membranes; can result in isotonic (equal concentrations) or hypertonic solutions (causing cell shrinkage).
Key Transport Concepts
- Isotonic solutions maintain normal cell shape; hypertonic solutions lead to cell shrinkage through water loss.
- Active transport requires cellular energy to move substances against concentration gradients, crucial for nutrient and ion uptake.
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