Cell Biology: Golgi Apparatus Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Sorting proteins for their final destinations (correct)
  • Synthesizing ribosomal RNA
  • Producing ATP for cellular respiration
  • Decomposing hydrogen peroxide

    • Which organelle is primarily involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species?

  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Peroxisomes (correct)
  • Ribosomes

    • What type of enzymes are packaged by the Golgi apparatus to form lysosomes?

  • Oxidases
  • Proteins for secretion
  • Hydrolytic enzymes (correct)
  • Synthetases

    • What is the role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in cells?

    <p>To degrade endogenous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do secretory vesicles function in protein export?

    <p>By fusing with the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of peroxisomes?

    <p>Storage of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle resembles lysosomes but contains different enzymes?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What byproduct is generated during the detoxification process in peroxisomes?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular cargos?

    <p>To transport materials and structures within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in organizing the spindle microtubules during cell division?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the centrosome during cell division?

    <p>It duplicates and moves to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microtubules in cell division?

    <p>Moving chromosomes during mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is considered a cellular cargo?

    <p>Organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the microtubule-organizing center?

    <p>To regulate microtubules' organization and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are centrioles primarily composed of?

    <p>Pairs of microtubules arranged in a specific formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sets of centrosomes are involved in the division process as indicated?

    <p>9 sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the centrioles?

    <p>Pericentriolar material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between centrosomes and chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>Centrosomes facilitate the movement of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cellular cargos like organelles during cell division?

    <p>They undergo a transport process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what orientation are pairs of microtubules arranged in centrioles?

    <p>Perpendicularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about centrosomes is accurate?

    <p>Centrosomes organize spindle microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pericentriolar material?

    <p>Facilitating the growth of microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as a microtubule-organizing center?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely occur if centrosomes failed to duplicate during cell division?

    <p>Chromosome movement would be impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the structural formation of the microtubule-organizing center?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily dictates microtubule organization in a cell?

    <p>Microtubule-organizing centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of microtubules?

    <p>They are dynamic structures that can grow and shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular activity is significantly influenced by centrioles?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

    <p>It ferries amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) provide during the translation process?

    <p>It forms the ribosomal subunits that facilitate mRNA-tRNA interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the codons found in messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>They code for specific amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nucleotides are present in each codon of mRNA?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the ribosomal structure?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the end of the polypeptide chain during protein synthesis?

    <p>Stop codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the tRNA molecule, and why is it important?

    <p>Folded into a complex 3D structure that allows it to transport amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of tRNA is responsible for carrying the specific amino acid?

    <p>The amino acid attachment site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ribosome is mainly involved in decoding the genetic message from mRNA?

    <p>The small subunit (40S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the formation of a complete ribosomal complex during translation?

    <p>Binding of the initiator tRNA to the start codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the elongation phase of translation, where does the tRNA carrying the peptide chain move after transferring its amino acid?

    <p>From the A site to the P site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do release factors play in the translation process?

    <p>They signal for translation to stop at the stop codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the tRNA after it has transferred its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain?

    <p>It becomes deacylated and exits through the E site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction does the ribosomal complex move along the mRNA during translation?

    <p>5' → 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Modifications such as glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage occur in the Golgi apparatus.
    • Golgi apparatus sorts proteins based on modifications for final destinations inside or outside the cell.
    • Golgi vesicles transport proteins; they can form secretory vesicles for export or lysosomes for digestion.

    Lysosomes

    • Lysosomes are membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes.
    • These enzymes are crucial for digestion and waste removal within cells.

    Peroxisomes

    • Resemble lysosomes but house different enzymes, such as oxidases and catalase.
    • Function in detoxification, producing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is broken down into water and oxygen.
    • Involved in lipid metabolism and the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids.

    Proteasomes

    • Responsible for degrading endogenous proteins in the cell, requiring ATP.
    • They play a critical role in maintaining protein balance and cellular health.

    Centrosome and Centrioles

    • The centrosome organizes microtubules during cell division, ensuring proper chromosome movement.
    • During division, the centrosome duplicates and migrates to opposing cell poles.

    Microtubules

    • Composed of cylindrical structures arranged in pairs, providing structural support and aiding in intracellular transport.

    Translation Process

    • Involves decoding mRNA by ribosomes and tRNA, forming peptide bonds among amino acids.
    • mRNA carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to ribosomes.
    • tRNA acts as an adapter, ferrying amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons.

    Ribosomal Structure

    • Ribosomes consist of two units: 60S and 40S subunits, facilitating protein synthesis.
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) provides structural support for tRNA and mRNA interactions during translation.

    tRNA Structure and Function

    • tRNA has a unique 3D structure with double-stranded regions and loops, resembling an "L" shape.
    • Each tRNA has regions that recognize codons on mRNA and bind specific amino acids.

    Translation Steps

    • The initiator tRNA binds to the start codon at the P site of the ribosome, forming an initiation complex.
    • As elongation progresses, tRNA molecules move through three sites (A, P, E) of the ribosome, facilitating peptide bond formation and amino acid transfer.
    • Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, where a release factor signals termination.

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    Lec#4: Cellular Level II - Inside The Cell Student Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions of the Golgi apparatus, focusing on glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage. This quiz will help you understand how the Golgi sorts proteins for their final destinations and the role of lysosomes in protein digestion. Test your knowledge of cellular processes and protein modifications.

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