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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
- To convert glucose into ATP
- To provide structural support to the cell
- To synthesize proteins
- To regulate what enters and leaves the cell (correct)
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
- Ribosomes (correct)
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the term for the process by which cells become specialized?
What is the term for the process by which cells become specialized?
- Differentiation (correct)
- Cell signaling
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
What is the term for the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste and foreign substances?
What is the term for the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste and foreign substances?
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What is the term for the movement of molecules into and out of the cell?
What is the term for the movement of molecules into and out of the cell?
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What is the term for the process of cell growth and reproduction?
What is the term for the process of cell growth and reproduction?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
- Semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cytoplasm
- Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Site of many metabolic reactions
- Nucleus
- Control center of the cell
- Contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria
- Site of cellular respiration (energy production)
- Converts glucose into ATP (energy)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Network of membranous tubules and sacs
- Involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport
- Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
- Found throughout the cytoplasm and ER
- Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes
- Break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
- Cytoskeleton
- Network of protein filaments
- Provides structural support, shape, and movement
Cell Functions
- Metabolism
- Conversion of energy and nutrients
- Involves catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis)
- Cell Signaling
- Communication between cells
- Involves signal transduction pathways
- Cell Division
- Process of cell growth and reproduction
- Involves mitosis (cell division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
- Cellular Transport
- Movement of molecules into and out of the cell
- Involves passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport
Cell Cycle and Division
- Interphase
- Cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
- Mitosis
- Nuclear division (4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
- Produces 2 daughter cells with identical DNA
- Cytokinesis
- Cytoplasmic division (cleavage) following mitosis
- Produces 2 complete daughter cells
Cell Specialization
- Differentiation
- Process by which cells become specialized
- Involves gene expression and cellular changes
- Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells with the ability to differentiate
- Found in embryos, fetuses, and some adult tissues
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