Funbio 5

RER is studded with ribosomes, while SER is free of attached ribosomes.

Water-soluble proteins and prospective transmembrane proteins.

Digestive enzymes and hormones.

<p>It performs post-translational processing, which includes modifications like protein folding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver cells and cells that secrete steroid hormones, such as adrenal cortex cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RER transports synthesized proteins to different parts of the cell, particularly to the Golgi Apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be stored in cisternae and transported to the plasma membrane when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endoplasmic reticulum appears as an elaborate membrane system that may occupy up to 50% of the total membrane surface of animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smooth ER is involved in lipid production and detoxification processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough ER is studded with ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface, giving it a 'rough' appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specialized form is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four major functions include modification, sorting, packaging of proteins, and the production of primary lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that oxidize fatty acids and amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain cells contain secretory and zymogen granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After cell division, the nuclear envelope is partially reformed from remnants of the endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus processes, modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport to their destinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cisternae are arranged in a parallel stack, typically varying in number from 3 to 7, with spaces between them called lumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cis face receives materials from the ER, while the trans face releases processed materials to the cell surface or other destinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus plays a role in processing proteins that are essential for excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In plant cells, Golgi bodies are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus processes proteins, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicles transport materials in and out of the Golgi apparatus, entering from the cis face and exiting from the trans face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes are responsible for intracellular digestion and the removal of unwanted elements such as pathogens and debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary lysosomes bud off from the Golgi apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary lysosomes contain material that is to be digested, resulting from the fusion of primary lysosomes with phagosomes or endosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimum activity of lysosomal enzymes occurs at a pH of 5.0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisomes are rounded organelles that are bound by a single membrane and contain a granular matrix with occasional crystal-like cores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis and post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes, marking proteins for dispersion into lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Undigested or indigestible materials accumulate as residual bodies within lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates the contraction process by triggering excitation-contraction coupling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, facilitating the release of glucose into the bloodstream during glycogenolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid production and detoxification, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum is specialized for calcium storage and release in muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the activity of detoxification enzymes and may proliferate to enhance these functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes; ribosomes are found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisomes function to break down compounds using oxidative enzymes and remove H+ ions, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reaction is: $RH2 + O2 \rightarrow R + H2O2$, where organic substrates are oxidized and hydrogen peroxide is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen peroxide is detoxified by the enzyme catalase, which uses it to oxidize various substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zellweger syndrome is a defect in peroxisomes that leads to severe abnormalities in brain, liver, and kidneys, resulting in infant mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory granules originate from the trans-face of the Golgi Apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The release of insulin is triggered by elevated glucose levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis allows secretory granules to fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalase can oxidize a variety of substances, including alcohol, phenols, and formaldehyde.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An extensive network of interconnected membranes within eukaryotic cells, responsible for various cellular functions.

The space enclosed within the ER membrane, containing a unique set of enzymes and proteins.

A type of ER studded with ribosomes, which give it a rough appearance under a microscope. Responsible for protein synthesis and modification.

A type of ER lacking ribosomes, appearing smooth under a microscope. Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Flattened sacs formed by the ER, often serving as sites of protein folding and packaging.

The process of reforming the nuclear envelope after cell division, utilizing pre-existing ER fragments.

The specialization of ER found in muscle cells, storing and releasing calcium ions to trigger muscle contraction.

The ER's ability to extend almost to the plasma membrane, allowing for continuous communication and transportation.

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle that plays a crucial role in processing, modifying, and sorting proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It acts as a central hub for membrane-bound vesicles, involved in various cellular processes, including the production of lysosomes, peroxisomes, and secretory granules.

Lysosomes are single-membrane bound organelles found in most animal cells. They contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the intracellular digestion of unwanted materials like pathogens, cell debris, and worn-out organelles. They can fuse with phagosomes or endosomes, forming secondary lysosomes where digestion occurs.

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and plays a key role in various metabolic processes, including lipid synthesis, detoxification of harmful substances, and steroid hormone production.

The breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose molecules, primarily occurring in the liver and muscles. This process helps raise blood glucose levels when they drop too low.

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol. This occurs mainly in the liver and is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or prolonged periods of low carbohydrate intake.

The smooth ER can increase in size (proliferate) in response to certain stimuli, such as exposure to toxins or drugs. This increase in smooth ER surface area allows for the production of more detoxification enzymes, aiding in the removal of harmful substances from the body.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes, making it appear granulated. It's crucial for protein synthesis and transport within the cell.

RER manufactures proteins destined for different locations within the cell or export. This includes enzymes, hormones, plasma membrane components, and neurotransmitters.

Water-soluble proteins are synthesized and folded within the RER lumen (internal space) and transported to other locations.

Transmembrane proteins, embedded within the RER membrane, have specific functions in cell signaling and transport.

RER plays a role in post-translational protein modification, where proteins undergo changes like folding, which is crucial for their function. Problems with folding can have serious consequences for the cell.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and is prominent in cells that produce lipids, steroids, and detoxify substances.

SER synthesizes lipids, steroids, and hormones, playing a vital role in cell membranes and signaling.

SER is involved in carbohydrate metabolism (breaking down and synthesizing sugars) and detoxification processes, including drug breakdown.

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae, involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids.

Individual compartments within the Golgi apparatus, responsible for different stages of protein modification.

The side of the Golgi apparatus closest to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where proteins enter the Golgi.

The side of the Golgi apparatus facing the plasma membrane, where proteins leave the Golgi.

Tiny, membrane-bound sacs that transport proteins within the Golgi and to other cellular compartments.

The process of modifying proteins as they move through the Golgi apparatus, adding sugars, lipids, or other molecules.

Directing proteins to their correct destination, like lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or for secretion from the cell.

The process of packaging proteins into vesicles for transport to their intended locations.

Golgi Apparatus - Function

Organelles that contain oxidative enzymes which break down compounds by removing hydrogen ions, resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide.

A toxic by-product produced by peroxisomes during the breakdown of compounds. It must be neutralized quickly to avoid cell damage.

An enzyme found in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, preventing its accumulation and toxicity.

A process that occurs in both peroxisomes and mitochondria, involving the breakdown of fatty acids.

A genetic disorder that affects the formation and function of peroxisomes, leading to severe abnormalities in the brain, liver, and kidneys.

Specialized structures found in cells that store and release products, typically proteins, for rapid secretion.

The process by which secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell.

A hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, responsible for regulating blood glucose levels.