Cell Biology: Cytoplasm and Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What structure within mitochondria is important for increasing surface area?

  • Ribosomes
  • Cristae (correct)
  • Matrix
  • Outer membrane
  • What characteristic do mitochondria share with bacterial cells?

  • Contain own DNA and RNA (correct)
  • Presence of a double membrane
  • Ability to synthesize proteins
  • Function in cellular respiration
  • Which of the following processes allows mitochondria to multiply when energy demands increase?

  • Mitosis
  • Endocytosis
  • Meiosis
  • Fission (correct)
  • What is the main function of ribosomes within cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the outer membrane of mitochondria?

    <p>Smooth surface that regulates nutrient entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peroxisomes in the cell?

    <p>Detoxifying substances and neutralizing toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule do lysosomes contain for their function?

    <p>Digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition do lysosomes function best under?

    <p>Acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the Endomembrane System?

    <p>Synthesizing hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is associated with autolysis in cells?

    <p>Cell death through self-digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cytoplasm consist of?

    <p>Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, including cytosol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organelles is primarily responsible for energy production in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>They allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the programmed cell death of cells?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major component of the cytoskeleton is involved in maintaining the cell's shape and structure?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of centrioles within the centrosome?

    <p>To form the basis of cilia and flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cilia contribute to cellular function?

    <p>By moving substances across the surface of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of the centrosome?

    <p>It organizes microtubules and is near the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular structure are microvilli?

    <p>Minute extensions of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ciliary motion, what is the 'power stroke' primarily responsible for?

    <p>Propelling substances across the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Synthesis of cellular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main structures of the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear pores?

    <p>To allow substances to pass into and out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the inner layer of the nuclear envelope contribute to the nucleus?

    <p>It provides structural support for DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are typically multinucleate?

    <p>Skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cytoplasm

    • Material between plasma membrane and nucleus
    • Cytosol: solution where cellular materials are suspended
    • Organelles: structures within the cell, have specialized functions
    • Inclusions: various chemical substances

    Cytoplasmic Organelles

    • Membranous: Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes
    • Nonmembranous: Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles
    • Membranes allow compartmentalizing, independent environment

    Mitochondria

    • Provides energy to the cell through ATP
    • Aerobic cell respiration
    • Glucose + Oxygen: Complex process
    • Double membrane, contains cristae
    • Cristae increase surface area
    • Inner membrane contains proteins, outer is smooth
    • Matrix: inner section
    • Contains its own DNA and RNA
    • Resembles bacterial cell
    • Possible evolutionary symbiosis
    • Fission: able to multiply when energy requirements increase

    Ribosomes

    • Nonmembranous organelles
    • Site of protein synthesis
    • Composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

    Peroxisomes

    • Membranous sacs, contain detoxifying substances to neutralize toxins
    • Free radicals: toxic, highly reactive molecules, byproducts of metabolism
    • Also play a role in the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids

    Lysosomes

    • Membranous structures containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
    • Digestion process works best in acidic conditions
    • Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
    • Degrades organelles
    • Metabolic functions: break down and release glycogen; break down and release Ca2+ from bone
    • Autolysis: cell digests itself

    Endomembrane System

    • Consists of membranous organelles: ER, Golgi Apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes.
    • Work together to produce, degrade, store, and export molecules

    Centrioles

    • Centrosomes are located near the nucleus
    • Microtubule organizing center
    • Newly assembled microtubules radiate from the centrosome to the rest of the cell
    • Some microtubules aid in cell division, while others form a cytoskeletal track system
    • Centrioles also form the basis of cilia and flagella

    Cilia

    • Whiplike motile extensions on the surface of certain cells (e.g. respiratory cells)
    • Movement of cilia can move substances across a surface (e.g. mucus).
    • Made up of microtubules synthesized by centrioles: basal bodies

    Flagella

    • Longer extensions that propel the whole cell (e.g., tail of sperm)
    • Made up of microtubules synthesized by centrioles: basal bodies.

    Microvilli

    • Minute, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from the surface of select cells (e.g. intestinal and kidney tubule cells).
    • Used to increase surface area for absorption
    • Made up of actin microfilaments for stiffening projections.

    Nucleus

    • Largest organelle; contains the genetic library of blueprints for the synthesis of almost all cellular proteins
    • Responds to signals that dictate the type and amount of proteins needed to be synthesized
    • Most cells are uninucleate (one nucleus)
    • Some cells are multinucleate or anucleate

    Nuclear Envelope

    • Double membrane barrier that encloses the nucleoplasm
    • Outer layer: continuous with the rough ER, has ribosomes.
    • Inner layer: nuclear lamina, network of proteins that maintains nuclear shape and acts as scaffolding for DNA
    • Nuclear pores allow substances to pass into and out of the nucleus
    • Nuclear pore complexes regulate the movement of substances.

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    Description

    Explore the essential components of the cytoplasm and the various organelles involved in cellular functions. This quiz covers key aspects of organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes, their structures, and their roles in the cell. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics in cell biology.

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