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Questions and Answers
What property do most telomeres from different organisms possess?
What property do most telomeres from different organisms possess?
- They are found only in prokaryotic organisms.
- They are composed of single-stranded DNA.
- They contain a low G content in their sequence.
- They are repetitive sequences with high G content in the strand with the 3' end. (correct)
Which statement accurately describes origins of replication?
Which statement accurately describes origins of replication?
- Replication is initiated at specific sequences in the chromosome. (correct)
- They are located at the centromeres of chromosomes.
- A chromosome typically has only one origin of replication.
- Origins of replication are found only in prokaryotic cells.
What does a characteristic number of chromosomes in a species indicate?
What does a characteristic number of chromosomes in a species indicate?
- It is crucial for determining the species' complexity.
- It signifies evolutionary relationships between species.
- It has no specific significance or relationship between different species. (correct)
- It indicates the number of genes present in the genome.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus?
In what state are the majority of eukaryotic cells in terms of chromosome number?
In what state are the majority of eukaryotic cells in terms of chromosome number?
What is the primary component of cytoplasm that acts as a fluid segment?
What is the primary component of cytoplasm that acts as a fluid segment?
Which statement about the cytoplasm is accurate?
Which statement about the cytoplasm is accurate?
Which theory describes cytoplasm as having properties akin to a mixture sometimes acting as a liquid and other times as a solid?
Which theory describes cytoplasm as having properties akin to a mixture sometimes acting as a liquid and other times as a solid?
What role does cytosol play within the cytoplasm?
What role does cytosol play within the cytoplasm?
In which type of cell does the cytoplasm include everything inside the cell membrane?
In which type of cell does the cytoplasm include everything inside the cell membrane?
How does cytoplasm behave under the glass transition theory?
How does cytoplasm behave under the glass transition theory?
What cellular structures are included within the cytoplasm?
What cellular structures are included within the cytoplasm?
What is one characteristic of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
What is one characteristic of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
What is one of the primary functions of the cytoplasm related to cell structure?
What is one of the primary functions of the cytoplasm related to cell structure?
How does the cytoplasm contribute to the protection of the cell?
How does the cytoplasm contribute to the protection of the cell?
What is the purpose of cytoplasmic streaming?
What is the purpose of cytoplasmic streaming?
Which of the following substances is stored within the cytoplasm in plant cells?
Which of the following substances is stored within the cytoplasm in plant cells?
What role does the cytoplasm play in the positioning of organelles?
What role does the cytoplasm play in the positioning of organelles?
Why is the presence of cytoplasm critical for a cell's function?
Why is the presence of cytoplasm critical for a cell's function?
What is NOT a function of the cytoplasm?
What is NOT a function of the cytoplasm?
Which aspect of the cytoplasm contributes to metabolic activities within the cell?
Which aspect of the cytoplasm contributes to metabolic activities within the cell?
What role does the cytoplasm's ability to 'freeze' play in cellular functions?
What role does the cytoplasm's ability to 'freeze' play in cellular functions?
Which of the following best describes cytosol?
Which of the following best describes cytosol?
What is a primary component of cytosol that plays a significant role in chemical reactions?
What is a primary component of cytosol that plays a significant role in chemical reactions?
Which ions are typically found in mammalian cytosol?
Which ions are typically found in mammalian cytosol?
What is the main function of organelles within cells?
What is the main function of organelles within cells?
How does cytosol contribute to osmoregulation?
How does cytosol contribute to osmoregulation?
What type of movement do cytoplasmic components exhibit according to the non-Brownian motion theory?
What type of movement do cytoplasmic components exhibit according to the non-Brownian motion theory?
In eukaryotic cells, the cytosol is primarily responsible for what activity?
In eukaryotic cells, the cytosol is primarily responsible for what activity?
What is the primary function of the centromere in linear chromosomes?
What is the primary function of the centromere in linear chromosomes?
Which of the following best describes heterochromatin?
Which of the following best describes heterochromatin?
What term describes the area of the chromosome that is located distal to a nucleolar organizer?
What term describes the area of the chromosome that is located distal to a nucleolar organizer?
Chromatin is less condensed and extended DNA compared to chromosomes. What name is given to the less condensed portions of chromatin?
Chromatin is less condensed and extended DNA compared to chromosomes. What name is given to the less condensed portions of chromatin?
The term 'chromosome' is derived from Greek words meaning what?
The term 'chromosome' is derived from Greek words meaning what?
What is a SAT-chromosome characterized by?
What is a SAT-chromosome characterized by?
Telomeres are specialized structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. What is their primary function?
Telomeres are specialized structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. What is their primary function?
During which stage of the cell cycle is chromatin mostly decondensed?
During which stage of the cell cycle is chromatin mostly decondensed?
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Study Notes
Cytoplasm Basics
- Cytoplasm is a semifluid material enclosed by the cell membrane, containing cytosol, organelles, and inclusion bodies.
- In eukaryotic cells, cytoplasm resides between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope, while in prokaryotic cells, it fills the entire cell interior.
- All cells possess cytoplasm; its size varies among different cell types.
- Cytosol, the fluid component, comprises about 70% water and dissolved salts/ions.
Theories on Physical Nature of Cytoplasm
- Sol-Gel Behavior: Cytoplasm can transition between liquid and solid states, resembling a sol-gel mixture.
- Glass-Like Properties: Functioning almost like glass, cytoplasm can freeze components in place while still allowing movement when fluid.
- Non-Brownian Motion: Movement of cytoplasmic components is guided by motor proteins rather than random forces.
Structural Features and Composition of Cytoplasm
- Composed of water, organic molecules, and dissolved ions, enabling various cellular functions.
Parts and Function of Cytoplasm: Cytosol
- Cytosol Function: Serves as the site for various chemical reactions; major metabolic reactions occur here in prokaryotes.
- Ions: Contains potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and amino acids crucial for cell signaling and osmoregulation.
Parts and Function of Cytoplasm: Cell Organelles
- Organelles are specialized structures performing specific cellular tasks.
- Support and Structure: Cytoplasm maintains cell shape and organizes organelles.
- Protection: Acts as a shock-absorber, defending the cell from damage.
- Storage: Stores essential materials and enzymes for metabolic processes. In plant cells, it stores excess glucose from photosynthesis.
- Transport: Facilitates cytoplasmic streaming for organelle movement and waste expulsion.
Cytoplasmic Streaming
- Movement of cytoplasm within the cell, essential for transporting organelles and nutrients.
Parts and Function of Nucleus
- Chromatin Structure: DNA-protein complex; less condensed during non-dividing stages (euchromatin) and tightly coiled during cell division (heterochromatin).
- Centromere: Constricted region on chromosomes, important for attaching sister chromatids and spindle microtubules.
- Telomeres: Repetitive sequences at chromosome ends, protecting DNA from degradation.
- Origin of Replication: Specific chromosome sequences where DNA replication begins.
Chromosome Number
- Eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes; species-specific chromosome numbers do not imply relationships.
- Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, presenting two copies of each chromosome.
Function of Nucleus
- Home to genetic information and governs gene expression.
- Key in DNA replication necessary for mitosis.
- Produces ribosomes essential for protein synthesis.
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