Cell Biology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key components of the cell theory?

  • All existing cells are made from other living cells (correct)
  • Cells can spontaneously generate
  • All cells increase in size over time
  • All organisms are multicellular

Which of the following accurately describes prokaryotic cells?

  • They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • They are the simplest and lack a nucleus (correct)
  • They are multicellular organisms exclusively
  • They are typically larger than eukaryotic cells

Which structure is unique to plant cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall (correct)
  • Mitochondria

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Synthesize proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis?

<p>Smooth ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom do eukaryotic cells belong to?

<p>Plantae, Fungi, Animals, or Protista (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digestion and recycling of cellular debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

<p>Size and complexity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do centrioles play in animal cells?

<p>Form spindle fibers for chromosome separation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors affect the diffusion of molecules across a membrane?

<p>Molecule size and temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>Provide structure and support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

<p>Presence of membrane proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of passive transport specifically involves water molecules?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is used by protein pumps during active transport?

<p>Shape change of proteins after ATP consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes microfilaments?

<p>They assist in muscle contractions and cell shape maintenance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nonpolar molecules typically interact with the cell membrane?

<p>They pass through the lipid bilayer more easily than polar molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory Parts

All organisms are made of cells, all cells come from other cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cell

Simple, small cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; DNA is in the cytoplasm. (Bacteria, Archaea).

Eukaryotic Cell

Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; DNA in the nucleus. (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists).

Animal Cell vs Plant Cell

Animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts; plant cells have both. Animal cells may have centrioles.

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Nucleus Function

Stores DNA, controls cell activities, and makes ribosomes.

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Ribosomes Function

Make proteins by following instructions from DNA.

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Mitochondria Function

Create energy (ATP) for the cell through cellular respiration.

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Chloroplast Function

Perform photosynthesis; convert sunlight into food (glucose) for plants.

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Cytoplasm

Jelly-like material filling the cell, supporting organelles and allowing chemical reactions.

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Centrioles (animal cells)

Organize cell division by forming spindle fibers.

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Cytoskeleton

Provides cell structure and support; involved in movement and transport.

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Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Molecule transport across the cell membrane using membrane proteins.

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Osmosis

Water diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Active Transport (Protein Pumps)

ATP-powered movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.

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Membrane Permeability

Ability of a membrane to allow molecules to pass through.

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

  • All organisms are made of cells.
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • The cell is the smallest unit of life.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

  • Simplest, smallest, oldest cells.
  • No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
  • DNA located in the cytoplasm.
  • Single-celled organisms (bacteria and archaea).

Eukaryotes

  • Larger, more complex cells.
  • Contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
  • DNA stored in the nucleus.
  • Single or multicellular organisms (plants, fungi, animals, protists).

Similarities

  • Both have DNA as genetic material.
  • Both have ribosomes and cytoplasm.
  • Both have a plasma membrane.

Animal vs. Plant Cells

Similarities

  • Both share most other cell structures.

Differences

  • Animal cells have centrioles, plant cells do not.
  • Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, animal cells do not.

Cell Organelles

  • Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA), produces ribosomes, controls gene regulation.
  • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomal RNA, assembles ribosomes.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA into amino acids.
  • Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients, and waste.
  • Cell Wall: Plant cells only; provides support and protection.
  • Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
  • Smooth ER: Detoxifies drugs/toxins, synthesizes lipids.
  • Rough ER: Synthesizes, processes, and releases proteins (has ribosomes).
  • Lysosomes: Recycles cellular debris using enzymes, digests food.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials.
  • Mitochondria: Contains own DNA, produces ATP (energy) via cellular respiration.
  • Chloroplast: Plant cells only; performs photosynthesis.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance filling the cell, supports organelles and enables reactions.
  • Centrioles: Animal cells only; help organize cell division.
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides structure, support, and movement/transport of materials.
  • Microfilaments: Cell shape, movement (e.g., muscle contractions), and intracellular transport.
  • Microtubules: Cell shape and support, cell division (chromosome separation).

Factors Affecting Diffusion

  • Molecule Size: Smaller molecules diffuse faster.
  • Temperature: Higher temperatures increase diffusion rate.
  • Membrane Permeability: Membrane properties affect molecule passage.
  • Polarity: Nonpolar molecules pass lipid bilayers more easily.

Passive Transport Types

  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement with the aid of membrane proteins (channels).
  • Osmosis: Specific diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Active Transport Types

  • Protein Pumps: Use ATP to pump molecules/ions across the membrane.
  • Endocytosis: Membrane forms a vesicle to take in large particles.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the unique characteristics of animal and plant cells. This quiz covers essential concepts related to cell structure and function, making it ideal for biology students.

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