Cell Biology Chapter Quiz
42 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the cell membrane?

  • Regulation of substance exchange (correct)
  • Synthetic protein production
  • Energy production
  • Storage of genetic material

Which type of microscope is most suitable for viewing the internal structures of cells?

  • Compound Microscope
  • Light Microscope
  • Transmission Electron Microscope (correct)
  • Scanning Electron Microscope

What determines the shape of a cell?

  • The presence of a cell wall
  • The size of the nucleus
  • The function the cell performs (correct)
  • The types of organelles present

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Lack of membrane-bound organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the largest cells in the human body?

<p>Female egg (ovum) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane?

<p>To stabilize the cell membrane and modulate fluidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein extends across the lipid bilayer and assists with the transport of ions and molecules?

<p>Trans-membrane proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heads in the lipid bilayer are characterized by their affinity to aqueous solutions?

<p>Hydrophilic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the carbohydrate component, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids, play in the cell membrane?

<p>They serve as receptors for cell adhesion and interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the tails of molecules oriented in the lipid bilayer?

<p>They are directed inwards, facing each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nucleoplasm?

<p>Structural support for chromatin and enzyme diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the nucleolus?

<p>A ribosome factory that does not have a membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chromatin is composed primarily of which two substances?

<p>DNA and proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chromosomes play in the cell?

<p>Control cell activities and store genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the nucleoplasm?

<p>Fibrils, water, RNA, and enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue involves the differentiation of various cell types into larger structures?

<p>All types of tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main components of tissues?

<p>A group of cells of the same type (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by layers?

<p>Stratified epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?

<p>Protection and absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

<p>Contains blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is classified as having multiple layers?

<p>Stratified cuboidal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure found on the apical surface of epithelial cells increases the surface area for absorption?

<p>Microvilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue can be classified based on cell shape. Which of the following describes cube-shaped cells?

<p>Cuboidal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epithelial tissue type is primarily involved in the filtration of wastes from blood plasma in the kidneys?

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cilia on epithelial cells serve what primary purpose?

<p>Movement of mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glandular epithelial cells?

<p>Produce and secrete substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes fibrocartilage from hyaline cartilage?

<p>It has thick collagen fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is specifically noted for maintaining shape while allowing flexibility?

<p>Elastic cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is fibrocartilage typically found in the body?

<p>In intervertebral discs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is most associated with the aorta and large arteries?

<p>Great elastic power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue contains chondrocytes?

<p>Cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is known for its ability to absorb compression shock?

<p>Fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does elastic cartilage differ from hyaline cartilage?

<p>It contains more elastic fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body?

<p>Blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vasa vasorum?

<p>Nourish the outer part of large blood vessel walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lymphatic system is primarily responsible for collecting lymph from the body?

<p>Lymphatic vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

<p>Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic structure is responsible for filtering lymph and initiating an immune response?

<p>Lymph nodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What areas of the body does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

<p>Both B and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to interstitial fluid as it enters the lymphatic system?

<p>It becomes lymph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the lymphatic system play in fluid balance in the body?

<p>It removes excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is lymph classified as?

<p>Extracellular fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Histology

The study of the microscopic structure of cells and tissues.

Cell

The basic unit of life, structural and functional.

Cell Size Diversity

Cells vary greatly in size within the same organism.

Cell Shape Diversity

Cell shape depends on function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Types (Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic)

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell membrane structure

The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing the outside and hydrophobic tails facing inward. Proteins are embedded within the bilayer, and carbohydrates are on the outside.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrophilic head

Part of a phospholipid that is attracted to water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrophobic tail

Part of a phospholipid that repels water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein components (cell membrane)

Proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer, some are peripheral and others are integral. Integral proteins can form channels or carriers for molecules and ions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell coat (Glycocalyx)

Carbohydrate components on the outer surface of the cell membrane, forming a layer with receptors for cell adhesion and recognition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Pores

Tiny holes in the nuclear membrane that allow selective passage of materials like nucleic acids and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleoplasm: What's it made of?

The gel-like substance inside the nucleus containing chromatin, fibrils, water, RNA, and enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleoplasm: Function?

Provides structural support for chromatin, allowing enzymes to move freely for DNA replication and RNA transcription.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleolus: What is it?

A prominent, non-membrane bound structure inside the nucleus, often found in multiples.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleolus: What does it do?

Responsible for transcription, ribosome assembly, and synthesis of RNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromatin: What is it?

A mixture of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes, found in higher organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromosomes: What do they do?

Control cell activities, store genetic information in the form of genes, and regulate inheritance and metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tissue Differentiation

The process where groups of similar cells come together to form tissues, which then combine to form organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage characterized by its glassy, translucent appearance. It's found in areas like the nose, trachea, and articular surfaces of bones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fibrocartilage

A tough and resilient cartilage with thick collagen fibers. It provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock, found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and knee joint discs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elastic Cartilage

A flexible, resilient cartilage with a high content of elastic fibers. It maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility, found in the external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that forms sheets of closely packed cells, creating protective barriers and linings for organs and cavities. It is avascular (lacks blood vessels) but is innervated (has nerves).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that provides support and structure, as well as connecting and binding different tissues together. It is characterized by a diverse population of cells and a matrix of extracellular material.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

A specialized connective tissue that forms the skeleton. It provides support, protection, and allows for movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood

A connective tissue that circulates throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscle Tissue

A type of tissue specialized for movement. It is composed of contractile cells that can shorten and generate force.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nervous Tissue

A type of tissue consisting of specialized cells called neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. It controls and coordinates body functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Collagenous Fiber

A type of protein fiber found in connective tissues, providing strength and flexibility. It's the most abundant protein in the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elastic Fiber

A type of protein fiber found in connective tissues, providing elasticity and recoil. It's found in tissues that need to stretch and return to their original shape.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Apical Surface

The free surface of epithelial tissue that faces the exterior of the body or the lumen of an internal organ. It is often specialized with structures like microvilli or cilia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chondrocytes

Mature cells found in cartilage, responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilaginous matrix.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basal Surface

The attached surface of epithelial tissue that connects to the underlying connective tissue. It provides support and anchors the epithelium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue with only one layer of cells. It is typically found in areas where diffusion or filtration is important.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stratified Epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue with multiple layers of cells. It is found in areas that need protection from abrasion or other stresses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vasa Vasorum

Small blood vessels that supply blood to the walls of larger blood vessels, such as the aorta and large veins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphatic System

A network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help drain fluid from tissues, filter it, and return it to the blood. It also plays a crucial role in the immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymph

A fluid similar to plasma, found in lymphatic vessels. It originates from interstitial fluid and transports white blood cells, fats, and other substances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphatic Capillaries

Tiny, thin-walled vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid and transport it as lymph to larger lymphatic vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped organs along the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph, trap pathogens, and initiate immune responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

Vessels that carry lymph towards the lymph nodes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

Vessels that carry lymph away from the lymph nodes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphatic Trunks

Large lymphatic vessels that collect lymph from multiple lymph nodes and transport it to the collecting ducts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Introduction to Histology

  • Histology is the science that deals with the microscopic structure of cells and tissues.
  • The cell is the basic unit of life and the structural and functional unit of all living tissues.
  • Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is credited with the discovery of cells.

Types of Microscopes

  • Light Microscope (LM): used to view cells and tissues
  • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): used to view fine details of cells and cell structure, has higher resolution than LM.

Cell Diversity

  • Cells in the same organism exhibit enormous diversity in size, shape and internal organization
  • Cell shape depends on its function
  • The female egg is the largest cell in the human body and is visible without a microscope.
  • Most other cells require a microscope for viewing.

Internal Organization

  • Prokaryotic Cells: lack membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleoid region, and a cell wall
  • Eukaryotic Cells: characterized by membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus.

Prokaryotic Examples

  • ONLY Bacteria
    • Capsule
    • Cell Wall
    • Cytoplasmic Membrane
    • Ribosomes
    • Pili
    • Cytoplasm
    • Nucleoid
    • Flagella

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Two kinds: Plant and Animal

Animal Cell Anatomy

  • Mitochondria
  • Microfilaments
  • Lysosomes
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Peroxisome
  • Centrioles
  • Micro Tubules
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Cilia
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear Pores
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Chromatin

Plant Cell Anatomy

  • Chloroplast
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondrion

Cytosol and Cytoplasm

  • Cytosol: The "soup" within which the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs.
  • Cytoplasm: A collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol.

Organelles

  • A. Membranous Organelles
      1. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
      1. Mitochondria
      1. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)
      1. Golgi apparatus
      1. Lysosomes
  • B. Non-membranous Organelles
      1. Ribosomes
      1. Cytoskeleton

Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)

  • The boundary of the cell
  • Composed of three distinct layers: two layers of fat and one layer of protein.
  • Light Microscopy (LM): Difficult to see (H&E)
  • Electron Microscopy (EM): Appears as two electron-dense (dark) lines, separated by an electron-lucent (light) one (trilamellar).

Molecular Structure of Cell Membrane

  • 1- Lipid Component
    • a) Phospholipid molecules
    • b) Cholesterol molecules
  • 2- Protein Component
    • a) Extrinsic (peripheral)
  • b) Intrinsic (integral)
  • 3-Carbohydrate Component

Functions of Cell Membrane

  • Bulk Transport
    • a) Endocytosis
        1. Phagocytosis
        1. Pinocytosis
    • b) Exocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis (selective transport)

The Nucleus

  • Brain of the cell
  • Borderd by a porous membrane - nuclear envelope.
  • Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein - chromatin
  • Rod Shaped Chromosomes
  • Contains a small round nucleolus
  • produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • A complex network of transport channels.
  • Two types:
      1. Smooth- ribosome free
    • Functions in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction
      1. Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

  • A series of flattened sacs that modifie, packages, stores, and transports proteins to cell surface to be secreted.
  • Secretions include hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other molecules.
  • Works with endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.

Lysosomes

  • Recycling Center
  • Recycle cellular debris
  • Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes.
  • Help digest food particles, nutrients, foreign and dead materials.

Mitochondrion

  • Double Membranous
  • Size of a bacterium
  • Contains its own DNA: mDNA
  • Responsible for respiration and energy production in the cell (produces high energy compound ATP)

Cell Diversity in the context of Cell Morphology & Structure

  • Cell diversity results from variation in internal structures and specialized functions.
  • The differences between cells (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells) are due to the expression of proteins within the respective cellular architecture.

Types of Tissues

  • Epithelium (covering) : sheets of cells, closely attached to one another forming a protective barrier
  • Connective (support)
  • Muscle (movement)
  • Nervous (control)

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Filtration
  • Secretion

Classification of Epithelia

  • Thickness
    • Simple
    • Stratified
  • Shape
    • Squamous
    • Cuboidal
    • Columnar

Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium

  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella

Features of the Basal Surface of Epithelium

  • Basal Lamina

  • Basement membrane

  • Selective filter

Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium

  • Proteins
  • Contour

Cell Junctions

  • Desmosomes
  • Tight Junctions
  • Gap junction

Types of Connective Tissue

  • Loose Connective Tissue
  • Dense Connective Tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood

Other Tissues

  • The Nucleus
  • Nerve Cell & Skin
  • Nervous System
  • Glial Cells (Neuroglia)
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Tendons & Ligaments

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Histology 1-10 PDF - Basic for PT1 2024-25

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of cell biology, including the structure and function of cell membranes, types of microscopes, and characteristics of eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers important details about cellular components and their roles in maintaining cell integrity and function.

More Like This

Cellular Structures and DNA Quiz
18 questions

Cellular Structures and DNA Quiz

ThrilledGyrolite avatar
ThrilledGyrolite
Cell Membrane Structure and Function
6 questions

Cell Membrane Structure and Function

ProminentFoxglove avatar
ProminentFoxglove
Cell Biology Basics
51 questions

Cell Biology Basics

VigilantGrace avatar
VigilantGrace
Membrane Plasmique (TP n°3)
8 questions

Membrane Plasmique (TP n°3)

LowCostSasquatch5224 avatar
LowCostSasquatch5224
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser