Cell Biology Chapter Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the cell membrane?

  • Regulation of substance exchange (correct)
  • Synthetic protein production
  • Energy production
  • Storage of genetic material

    • Which type of microscope is most suitable for viewing the internal structures of cells?

  • Compound Microscope
  • Light Microscope
  • Transmission Electron Microscope (correct)
  • Scanning Electron Microscope

    • What determines the shape of a cell?

  • The presence of a cell wall
  • The size of the nucleus
  • The function the cell performs (correct)
  • The types of organelles present

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Lack of membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the largest cells in the human body?

    <p>Female egg (ovum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane?

    <p>To stabilize the cell membrane and modulate fluidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein extends across the lipid bilayer and assists with the transport of ions and molecules?

    <p>Trans-membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heads in the lipid bilayer are characterized by their affinity to aqueous solutions?

    <p>Hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the carbohydrate component, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids, play in the cell membrane?

    <p>They serve as receptors for cell adhesion and interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the tails of molecules oriented in the lipid bilayer?

    <p>They are directed inwards, facing each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nucleoplasm?

    <p>Structural support for chromatin and enzyme diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the nucleolus?

    <p>A ribosome factory that does not have a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatin is composed primarily of which two substances?

    <p>DNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chromosomes play in the cell?

    <p>Control cell activities and store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nucleoplasm?

    <p>Fibrils, water, RNA, and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue involves the differentiation of various cell types into larger structures?

    <p>All types of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main components of tissues?

    <p>A group of cells of the same type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by layers?

    <p>Stratified epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Protection and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Contains blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is classified as having multiple layers?

    <p>Stratified cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure found on the apical surface of epithelial cells increases the surface area for absorption?

    <p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissue can be classified based on cell shape. Which of the following describes cube-shaped cells?

    <p>Cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial tissue type is primarily involved in the filtration of wastes from blood plasma in the kidneys?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia on epithelial cells serve what primary purpose?

    <p>Movement of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glandular epithelial cells?

    <p>Produce and secrete substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes fibrocartilage from hyaline cartilage?

    <p>It has thick collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is specifically noted for maintaining shape while allowing flexibility?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is fibrocartilage typically found in the body?

    <p>In intervertebral discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is most associated with the aorta and large arteries?

    <p>Great elastic power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue contains chondrocytes?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is known for its ability to absorb compression shock?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does elastic cartilage differ from hyaline cartilage?

    <p>It contains more elastic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vasa vasorum?

    <p>Nourish the outer part of large blood vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the lymphatic system is primarily responsible for collecting lymph from the body?

    <p>Lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

    <p>Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic structure is responsible for filtering lymph and initiating an immune response?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What areas of the body does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to interstitial fluid as it enters the lymphatic system?

    <p>It becomes lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lymphatic system play in fluid balance in the body?

    <p>It removes excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid is lymph classified as?

    <p>Extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Histology

    • Histology is the science that deals with the microscopic structure of cells and tissues.
    • The cell is the basic unit of life and the structural and functional unit of all living tissues.
    • Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is credited with the discovery of cells.

    Types of Microscopes

    • Light Microscope (LM): used to view cells and tissues
    • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): used to view fine details of cells and cell structure, has higher resolution than LM.

    Cell Diversity

    • Cells in the same organism exhibit enormous diversity in size, shape and internal organization
    • Cell shape depends on its function
    • The female egg is the largest cell in the human body and is visible without a microscope.
    • Most other cells require a microscope for viewing.

    Internal Organization

    • Prokaryotic Cells: lack membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleoid region, and a cell wall
    • Eukaryotic Cells: characterized by membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus.

    Prokaryotic Examples

    • ONLY Bacteria
      • Capsule
      • Cell Wall
      • Cytoplasmic Membrane
      • Ribosomes
      • Pili
      • Cytoplasm
      • Nucleoid
      • Flagella

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Two kinds: Plant and Animal

    Animal Cell Anatomy

    • Mitochondria
    • Microfilaments
    • Lysosomes
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Peroxisome
    • Centrioles
    • Micro Tubules
    • Golgi Apparatus
    • Cilia
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Nucleus
    • Nuclear Pores
    • Plasma Membrane
    • Nucleolus
    • Nuclear Envelope
    • Chromatin

    Plant Cell Anatomy

    • Chloroplast
    • Cell Membrane
    • Cell wall
    • Vacuole
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Mitochondrion

    Cytosol and Cytoplasm

    • Cytosol: The "soup" within which the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs.
    • Cytoplasm: A collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol.

    Organelles

    • A. Membranous Organelles
        1. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
        1. Mitochondria
        1. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)
        1. Golgi apparatus
        1. Lysosomes
    • B. Non-membranous Organelles
        1. Ribosomes
        1. Cytoskeleton

    Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)

    • The boundary of the cell
    • Composed of three distinct layers: two layers of fat and one layer of protein.
    • Light Microscopy (LM): Difficult to see (H&E)
    • Electron Microscopy (EM): Appears as two electron-dense (dark) lines, separated by an electron-lucent (light) one (trilamellar).

    Molecular Structure of Cell Membrane

    • 1- Lipid Component
      • a) Phospholipid molecules
      • b) Cholesterol molecules
    • 2- Protein Component
      • a) Extrinsic (peripheral)
    • b) Intrinsic (integral)
    • 3-Carbohydrate Component

    Functions of Cell Membrane

    • Bulk Transport
      • a) Endocytosis
          1. Phagocytosis
          1. Pinocytosis
      • b) Exocytosis
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis (selective transport)

    The Nucleus

    • Brain of the cell
    • Borderd by a porous membrane - nuclear envelope.
    • Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein - chromatin
    • Rod Shaped Chromosomes
    • Contains a small round nucleolus
    • produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • A complex network of transport channels.
    • Two types:
        1. Smooth- ribosome free
      • Functions in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction
        1. Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • A series of flattened sacs that modifie, packages, stores, and transports proteins to cell surface to be secreted.
    • Secretions include hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other molecules.
    • Works with endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.

    Lysosomes

    • Recycling Center
    • Recycle cellular debris
    • Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes.
    • Help digest food particles, nutrients, foreign and dead materials.

    Mitochondrion

    • Double Membranous
    • Size of a bacterium
    • Contains its own DNA: mDNA
    • Responsible for respiration and energy production in the cell (produces high energy compound ATP)

    Cell Diversity in the context of Cell Morphology & Structure

    • Cell diversity results from variation in internal structures and specialized functions.
    • The differences between cells (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells) are due to the expression of proteins within the respective cellular architecture.

    Types of Tissues

    • Epithelium (covering) : sheets of cells, closely attached to one another forming a protective barrier
    • Connective (support)
    • Muscle (movement)
    • Nervous (control)

    Functions of Epithelial Tissue

    • Protection
    • Absorption
    • Filtration
    • Secretion

    Classification of Epithelia

    • Thickness
      • Simple
      • Stratified
    • Shape
      • Squamous
      • Cuboidal
      • Columnar

    Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium

    • Microvilli
    • Cilia
    • Flagella

    Features of the Basal Surface of Epithelium

    • Basal Lamina

    • Basement membrane

    • Selective filter

    Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium

    • Proteins
    • Contour

    Cell Junctions

    • Desmosomes
    • Tight Junctions
    • Gap junction

    Types of Connective Tissue

    • Loose Connective Tissue
    • Dense Connective Tissue
    • Cartilage
    • Bone
    • Blood

    Other Tissues

    • The Nucleus
    • Nerve Cell & Skin
    • Nervous System
    • Glial Cells (Neuroglia)
    • Muscle Tissue
    • Tendons & Ligaments

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