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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of nucleostemin in the cellular context?
What is the main function of nucleostemin in the cellular context?
- It regulates mitosis directly.
- It coexists with the granular components. (correct)
- It facilitates ribosomal biogenesis.
- It is involved in DNA synthesis.
During which phase does the synthesis of macromolecules essential for DNA duplication occur?
During which phase does the synthesis of macromolecules essential for DNA duplication occur?
- G2 phase
- S phase
- M phase
- G1 phase (correct)
Which cells are said to be in a terminally differentiated G0 state?
Which cells are said to be in a terminally differentiated G0 state?
- Neurons (correct)
- Liver cells
- Skin cells
- Hematopoietic stem cells
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
What happens during prophase of mitosis?
What happens during prophase of mitosis?
What is the primary purpose of staining biological sections?
What is the primary purpose of staining biological sections?
Which stain is most useful for visualizing cell nuclei and cytoplasm?
Which stain is most useful for visualizing cell nuclei and cytoplasm?
What characteristic makes the cytoplasm eosinophilic?
What characteristic makes the cytoplasm eosinophilic?
What is the role of antibodies in immunochemistry?
What is the role of antibodies in immunochemistry?
How does phase-contrast microscopy differ from traditional staining techniques?
How does phase-contrast microscopy differ from traditional staining techniques?
What color does PAS staining yield for glycogen?
What color does PAS staining yield for glycogen?
Which microscopy technique is used specifically for examining blood and bone marrow cells?
Which microscopy technique is used specifically for examining blood and bone marrow cells?
In the context of staining, what does 'basophilic' refer to?
In the context of staining, what does 'basophilic' refer to?
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
How do ribosomes interact with mRNA during protein synthesis?
How do ribosomes interact with mRNA during protein synthesis?
What role does the SER play in muscle cells specifically?
What role does the SER play in muscle cells specifically?
Which statement about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is correct?
Which statement about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is correct?
Which type of cells is likely to have a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which type of cells is likely to have a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What defines the eosinophilic nature of a cell's cytoplasm when stained?
What defines the eosinophilic nature of a cell's cytoplasm when stained?
What is the primary function of the P450 enzyme in liver cells?
What is the primary function of the P450 enzyme in liver cells?
What type of chromosomes are XX or XY classified as?
What type of chromosomes are XX or XY classified as?
What term describes a cell with one set of chromosomes?
What term describes a cell with one set of chromosomes?
Which component of the nucleolus is responsible for the assembly of ribosomal subunits?
Which component of the nucleolus is responsible for the assembly of ribosomal subunits?
What is the purpose of telomeres in chromosomes?
What is the purpose of telomeres in chromosomes?
What is the significance of the Barr body in female organisms?
What is the significance of the Barr body in female organisms?
What is the main function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
What is the main function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
What does the condition '2n' represent in terms of chromosomal sets?
What does the condition '2n' represent in terms of chromosomal sets?
What role do FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) probes serve in genetics?
What role do FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) probes serve in genetics?
What is the primary role of importins in cellular transport?
What is the primary role of importins in cellular transport?
Which term describes the darker, more condensed form of chromatin that is not transcribed?
Which term describes the darker, more condensed form of chromatin that is not transcribed?
What is a nucleosome composed of?
What is a nucleosome composed of?
What effect does histone acetylation have on gene expression?
What effect does histone acetylation have on gene expression?
During cellular division, what structural change occurs to chromosomes?
During cellular division, what structural change occurs to chromosomes?
What is the significance of the centromere during mitosis?
What is the significance of the centromere during mitosis?
What is the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells?
What is the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells?
What does the histone methylation process do to gene expression?
What does the histone methylation process do to gene expression?
What occurs during metaphase in cell division?
What occurs during metaphase in cell division?
What characterizes the asymmetrical division of stem cells?
What characterizes the asymmetrical division of stem cells?
What initiates the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis?
What initiates the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis?
What occurs during telophase?
What occurs during telophase?
What is a key difference between stem cells and progenitor cells?
What is a key difference between stem cells and progenitor cells?
What is the role of microtubule motor proteins during anaphase?
What is the role of microtubule motor proteins during anaphase?
How are tissues described in relation to cells?
How are tissues described in relation to cells?
What happens to the nuclear lamina during late prophase?
What happens to the nuclear lamina during late prophase?
Flashcards
H&E Staining
H&E Staining
A staining technique that uses hematoxylin and eosin to visualize different cellular components. Hematoxylin stains nuclei blue, and eosin stains cytoplasm pink.
Antibody
Antibody
A biological molecule that binds to a specific antigen. Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and have a unique binding site called a paratope.
Epitope
Epitope
The specific part of an antigen that an antibody binds to.
Paratope
Paratope
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Antigen
Antigen
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PAS Staining
PAS Staining
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Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
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May-Grünwald-Giemsa Staining
May-Grünwald-Giemsa Staining
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Nuclear Import
Nuclear Import
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Nucleolus
Nucleolus
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Chromatin
Chromatin
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Euchromatin
Euchromatin
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Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin
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Nucleosome
Nucleosome
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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What are ribosomes and what is their function?
What are ribosomes and what is their function?
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What are the three sites on a ribosome and what are their roles?
What are the three sites on a ribosome and what are their roles?
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
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How is the ER related to protein secretion?
How is the ER related to protein secretion?
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What is the relationship between ribosomes and the basophilic appearance of cells?
What is the relationship between ribosomes and the basophilic appearance of cells?
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What is the function of the ER lumen?
What is the function of the ER lumen?
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Sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
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Autosomes
Autosomes
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Haploid
Haploid
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Diploid
Diploid
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Karyotype
Karyotype
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FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
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Barr body
Barr body
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Telomeres
Telomeres
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Interphase
Interphase
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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G1 Phase
G1 Phase
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S Phase
S Phase
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G2 Phase
G2 Phase
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What is metaphase?
What is metaphase?
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What is anaphase?
What is anaphase?
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What is telophase?
What is telophase?
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What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
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What are stem cells?
What are stem cells?
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What is asymmetrical stem cell division?
What is asymmetrical stem cell division?
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What are tissues?
What are tissues?
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What is a kinetochore?
What is a kinetochore?
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Study Notes
Histology
- Histology is the microscopic study of normal tissues, allowing understanding of tissue structure and function.
- Tissues are collections of similar cells with specific shapes and characteristics (epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective).
- Cell size typically ranges from 10 to 30 micrometers. Microscopes are used to observe cells and tissues.
Light Microscopy
- Light microscopy uses visible light to image samples.
- Objective lenses magnify and project the image, with typical magnifications of X4, X10, and X40 for observation of different tissue structures.
- Tissue transparency is crucial; some samples may need sectioning for improved clarity. These sections yield 2D images of 3D structures.
Tissue Preparation
- Fixation: Preserving tissue structure using chemicals that cross-link proteins and inactivate enzymes.
- Dehydration: Removing water with increasing concentrations of alcohol solutions.
- Clearing: Replacing alcohol with an organic solvent in which alcohol and paraffin are miscible, making the tissue transparent.
- Infiltration: Immersing the tissue in melted paraffin to replace the organic solvent.
- Embedding: Allowing the paraffin to harden around the tissue in a specific mold.
- Trimming: Sectioning the embedded tissue into thin slices using a microtome.
Staining
- Staining is essential for visualization of specific structures or substances.
- Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E): A common stain that stains cell nuclei blue/purple and cytoplasmic components pink/red.
- Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain: highlighting carbohydrates, useful for identifying secretions and basement membranes.
- Other stains are used for specific structures or molecule groups.
Immunochemistry
- Antibodies, produced by B-lymphocytes, bind to specific target molecules.
- The antibody variable region (paratope) binds to an antigen-specific region (epitope) to indicate its presence.
Microscopy Techniques
- Phase-contrast microscopy: Observing unstained samples, suitable for living tissue.
- Confocal microscopy: Generating 3D images of samples, with high-resolution imaging.
- Stereomicroscopy: Observing 3D, non-transparent objects.
- Super-resolution microscopy: Achieving higher resolutions, taking detailed images of specific sections of large samples.
- Electron microscopy: Using electrons instead of light for higher magnification and detailed visualization of tissue ultrastructure.
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Creating 2D images through thin slices.
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Surface examination, to see the 3D structure of the sample’s surface.
The Cell
- Plasma Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer (polar heads and hydrophobic tails) with cholesterol, forming a flexible and fluid structure.
- Proteins: Embedded within the membrane, with various functions and locations; regulating transport and communication.
- Carbohydrates: Attached to some proteins and lipids, forming the glycocalyx, important for cell recognition and signaling.
- Hyaluronic acid: A viscous component that retains water and creates a gel-like extracellular matrix.
Membrane Transport
- Simple diffusion: Lipophilic and small molecules that pass membranes passively.
- Facilitated diffusion: Transport proteins assist passage of hydrophilic molecules.
- Active transport: Movement against concentration gradients, needing energy input.
- Vesicular transport: Material transported into and out of the cell in vesicles.
Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules: Hollow tubes made of tubulin, providing structure.
- Microfilaments: Actin filaments, for cellular contraction and movement.
- Intermediate Filaments: Provide structural support.
Organelles
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins. Consist of rRNA and proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes. The RER is rough due to ribosomes and plays a role in protein synthesis and secretion, while the SER lacks ribosomes, and is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.
- Lysosomes: Vesicles containing digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down waste and cellular debris.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production.
- Peroxisomes: Vesicles containing enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other functions.
- Cellular Inclusions: Storage products of cells, including glycogen granules and lipid droplets.
Cell Cycle
- Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication.
- Mitosis: Division of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.
Nucleus
- Nuclear Envelope: A double membrane with pores regulating transport between nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Chromatin: DNA complex with proteins (histones).
- Nucleolus: Site for ribosome assembly.
Tissues
- Epithelia: Layers of cells covering surface or forming glands.
- Connective tissues: Support, structure, and connect other tissues.
- Muscular tissues: Cells capable of contracting.
- Nervous tissues: Cells that transmit signals.
Types of Epithelial Cells
- Shape: Squamous (flat), cuboidal (square), columnar (tall).
- Layers: Simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers).
- Specialized types: transitional epithelia, pseudostratified columnar epithelia.
Gland Types
- Exocrine glands: Secrete products into ducts that lead to the body surface or a cavity.
- Endocrine glands: Secrete products directly into the bloodstream.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell biology concepts, including nucleostemin functions, phases of the cell cycle, and techniques in microscopy. This quiz covers essential topics like macromolecule synthesis, staining methods, and organelle functions. Perfect for students wanting to solidify their understanding of cellular processes.
