Cell Biology Chapter: Cytoplasm & Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the cytoplasm is primarily composed of water?

  • 50-60%
  • 20-30%
  • 70-80% (correct)
  • 90-100%

Which of the following organelles is NOT suspended in the cytoplasm?

  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane (correct)

Which metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm?

  • Electron transport chain
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Citric acid cycle
  • Glycolysis (correct)

What function does the cytoplasm serve related to organelles?

<p>Supporting and facilitating transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which materials are stored in the cytoplasm?

<p>Glycogen and lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cytoplasm play in cellular regulation?

<p>It contains proteins and enzymes that control cell functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of translation occur in relation to the cytoplasm?

<p>In the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm?

<p>Cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum from the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Presence of ribosomes on its surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum play in protein processing?

<p>Post-translational modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?

<p>Calcium ion storage and release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Protein sorting and transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum compared to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Lack of ribosomes on its surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a vital function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Synthesis and transport of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum contribute to the metabolism of lipids?

<p>By synthesizing phospholipids and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cellular activities?

<p>ATP production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway occurs in the mitochondria and involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

<p>Citric Acid Cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?

<p>Proton gradient preservation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process do mitochondria utilize to generate ATP?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT associated with mitochondria?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During apoptosis, which proteins do mitochondria release?

<p>Pro-apoptotic proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ribosomes are found within the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>Mitoribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

<p>It is responsible for mitochondrial division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Modification and processing of molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is primarily involved in the formation of lysosomes?

<p>Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus primarily made of?

<p>Flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Production of ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>It is highly folded into structures called cristae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organelle is the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Eukaryotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to molecules packaged into secretory vesicles by the Golgi apparatus?

<p>They are secreted from the cell through exocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the outer membrane of mitochondria?

<p>It is a smooth, semi-permeable barrier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytoplasm Composition

The cytoplasm is mainly water (70-80%), with ions, organic molecules, and suspended organelles.

Cytoplasm Organelles

The cytoplasm holds various organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

Cytoplasm's Metabolic Role

Many reactions, such as glycolysis (glucose breakdown) occur in the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm Support

The cytoplasm aids cell shape and intracellular transport of molecules.

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Cytoplasm Storage

The cytoplasm stores energy reserves like glycogen and lipids, as well as ions and molecules.

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Cytoplasm Regulation

Cytoplasm has proteins/enzymes to control cellular functions, like gene expression and cell division.

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Protein Synthesis Location

Ribosomes, either on the endoplasmic reticulum or free-floating in the cytosol, produce proteins in the cytoplasm.

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Cytosol

The jelly-like fluid component of cytoplasm that suspends the organelles.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes in cells, forming tubules and flattened sacs.

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Rough ER

ER studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis and modification.

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Smooth ER

ER lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

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Protein Synthesis (RER)

Ribosomes on the Rough ER build proteins, often for export or cell membranes.

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Lipid Metabolism (SER)

Smooth ER produces and stores lipids, essential for cell membranes.

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Detoxification (SER)

Smooth ER breaks down harmful substances, making them less toxic.

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Calcium Storage (SER)

SER stores and releases calcium ions, crucial for muscle contractions.

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Cisternae

Flattened sacs within the Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Golgi Apparatus Function

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids, directs them to various destinations (lysosomes, cell membrane, secretion).

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Golgi Apparatus Structure

Stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae.

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Lysosome Formation

Golgi apparatus packages enzymes and components for lysosome function.

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Mitochondria Structure

Double-membraned organelles with an outer membrane (semi-permeable) and highly folded inner membrane (cristae).

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Mitochondria Outer Membrane

Smooth, semi-permeable membrane enclosing the mitochondrion.

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Mitochondria Inner Membrane

Highly folded membrane with cristae; impermeable to many ions and molecules.

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Protein Trafficking

Golgi regulates the movement and maintenance of cell membrane proteins.

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Secretory Vesicles

Golgi packages molecules (like hormones) for release from the cell.

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Mitochondrial Membrane System

Mitochondria have two membranes: the outer membrane, which is smooth, and the inner membrane, which is folded into cristae. These membranes create compartments crucial for energy production.

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Mitochondrial Cristae

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called cristae. They increase surface area, providing more space for electron transport chain reactions, a vital process for ATP (energy) production.

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Mitochondrial Matrix

The innermost compartment of the mitochondria is the matrix. It houses enzymes for crucial metabolic processes like the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism.

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Mitochondria have their own DNA, separate from the cell's nuclear DNA. mtDNA encodes essential proteins for mitochondrial function and energy production.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process by which mitochondria produce ATP (energy) by using the energy from electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Proton Motive Force (PMF)

The energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generated by the electron transport chain. It is the driving force for ATP synthesis.

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Mitochondrial Functions

Beyond energy production, mitochondria play vital roles in various cellular activities, including fatty acid breakdown, amino acid metabolism, calcium regulation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a process regulated by mitochondria. When mitochondria release specific proteins, it signals the cell to self-destruct in a controlled way.

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