Cell Biology Chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a non-membranous organelle found within the cytoplasm?

  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Ribosome (correct)

    • What type of molecule are glycoproteins and glycolipids?

  • Nucleic acid molecules
  • Lipid molecules
  • Carbohydrate molecules (correct)
  • Protein molecules

    • The transportation of fluids into a cell is known as which of the following processes?

  • Pinocytosis (correct)
  • Passive diffusion
  • Phagocytosis
  • Exocytosis

    • If viewed under an electron microscope, what shape would the cell membrane have?

    <p>Trilaminar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the cell coat?

    <p>To enable the cell to respond to hormones via receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the mitochondrial matrix space?

    <p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does ribosome formation take place?

    <p>Nucleolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>RER has attached ribosomes, while SER does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular processes is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Glycogen metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Modifying and packaging proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of secondary lysosomes?

    <p>Digestion after fusion of a primary lysosome with foreign vesicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which cellular component do transfer vesicles bud off to deliver proteins to the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of secretory vesicles that arise from the mature face of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Discharging contents outside the cell or forming lysosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)?

    <p>Phagocytosis of foreign particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytoskeletal filament is primarily involved in muscle contraction?

    <p>Thin filaments (actin filaments) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of microtubules?

    <p>$25$ nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal element plays a role in supporting the shape of the cell and transmitting forces in smooth muscles?

    <p>Intermediate filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein primarily constitutes microtubules?

    <p>Tubulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is formed by nine triplets of microtubules?

    <p>Centrioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitotic spindles?

    <p>Cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT found in the shaft (axoneme) of cilia?

    <p>Basal bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an exogenous pigment?

    <p>Carotene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is typically binucleated?

    <p>Liver cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the staining property of the nucleus?

    <p>Basophilic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Euchromatin?

    <p>Extended and active (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of these structures can respiratory epithelium be found?

    <p>Trachea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of euchromatin?

    <p>Directing protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an endogenous pigment that accumulates in aging cells?

    <p>Lipofuscin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cytoplasm

    The fluid and contents inside a cell, excluding the nucleus.

    Membranous organelles

    Organelles surrounded by membranes, including mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.

    Cell membrane

    A thin barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.

    Passive diffusion

    The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input.

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    Mitochondria

    Membranous organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell.

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    Inter-membranous space

    The space located between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria.

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    Matrix space

    The innermost space of mitochondria containing DNA, RNA, and proteins.

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    Ribosomes

    Non-membranous structures made of rRNA and proteins, involved in protein synthesis.

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    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

    A type of ER with attached ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

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    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

    ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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    Golgi apparatus

    An organelle composed of stacks of saccules that modify and package proteins.

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    Polysomes

    Clusters of free ribosomes linked by mRNA for concurrent protein synthesis.

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    Respiratory epithelium

    A type of epithelial tissue found in the trachea and bronchi.

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    Female genital system components

    Includes the uterus and fallopian tubes, essential for reproduction.

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    Basal bodies

    Cylindrical structures similar to centrioles, found at the base of cilia and flagella.

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    Chromatin

    The material consisting of DNA and histone proteins, forming chromosomes.

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    Euchromatin

    Extended chromatin that is active in gene expression and protein synthesis.

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    Heterochromatin

    Condensed chromatin which is inactive and does not direct protein synthesis.

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    Cell inclusions

    Non-living materials stored in the cytoplasm, including food and pigments.

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    Endogenous pigments

    Pigments produced within the body, such as melanin and hemoglobin.

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    Functions of Golgi Apparatus

    Modifications, packaging, and secretion of proteins, formation of lysosomes.

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    Lysosomes

    Membranous organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for digestion within the cell.

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    Primary lysosomes

    Newly formed lysosomes from the Golgi apparatus without any foreign material.

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    Secondary lysosomes

    Formed from primary lysosomes merging with foreign vesicles for digestion.

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    Microfilaments

    Thin (7 nm) contractile filaments primarily made of actin; involved in muscle contraction and shape support.

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    Microtubules

    Thick (25 nm) tubular structures made of tubulin; provide support and facilitate transport within cells.

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    Centrioles

    Cylindrical structures formed of microtubule triplets, crucial for cell division and cilia formation.

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    Intermediate filaments

    10 nm structures that provide cell support and help in force transmission; not contractile.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells are the basic units of life.
    • Cell structures and their functions are studied using light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM).
    • Cytoplasm contains organelles and inclusions.

    Cytoplasm

    • Cytoplasmic contents: Organelles, inclusions, and the cell matrix.
    • Organelles (membranous): Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisomes, cytoplasmic vesicles.
    • Organelles (non-membranous): Ribosomes and cytoskeleton.

    Cell Membrane

    • Thickness: 9-10 nm.
    • LM: Not visible.
    • EM: Trilaminar (3 layers).
    • Chemical structure: Phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins (intrinsic), peripheral proteins (extrinsic), glycoproteins, glycolipids.
    • Functions: Exchange of materials, endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump, functions of cell coat, membrane modifications.
    • Exchange of materials: Passive diffusion (O2, CO2, glucose, fatty acids). Active transport (amino acids, hormones, drugs, bacteria). Selective transport.
    • Endocytosis: Phagocytosis (solid materials) and pinocytosis (fluids).
    • Exocytosis.
    • Functions of cell coat: Adhesive function, enables response to hormones/drugs, important for immunity.
    • Membrane modifications: Microvilli, cilia, cell junctions.

    Mitochondria

    • Definition: Membranous organelles, the power house of the cell.
    • LM: Shape: rods, granules, or filaments. Variable number.
    • EM: Rod-shaped or spherical. Covered by 2 membranes (outer smooth; inner folds called cristae).
    • Internal structure: Inter-membraneous space, Matrix (contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins).
    • Function: Provide ATP (power house). Can increase in number to meet energy needs.

    Ribosomes

    • Definition: Non-membranous organelles concerned with protein synthesis.
    • LM: Basophilic (contain RNA).
    • EM: Small particles formed of rRNA and proteins. Two subunits (small & large). Formed in the nucleolus and released through nuclear pores.
    • Free vs. attached: Free ribosomes form polysomes; attached to the endoplasmic reticulum form RER.
    • Function: Protein synthesis.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • EM: Interconnecting tubules and cisternae.
    • Types: Rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER).
    • Rough ER (RER): Interconnecting cisternae with attached ribosomes. Protein synthesis for secretion.
    • Smooth ER (SER): Interconnecting tubules without ribosomes. Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification, glycogen metabolism, calcium regulation.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • LM: Pale area beside the nucleus. Routine staining negative result, but seen with silver staining.
    • EM: Composed of saccules, transfer vesicles, and secretory vesicles.
    • Stack Structure: 4 - 10 flattened saccules (cisternae.) A stacking of sacs; with a 'convex' forming/cis face and a 'concave' mature/trans face.
    • Transfer vesicles: Bud off the RER and fuse with the cis (forming face) of Golgi
    • Secretory vesicles: Form from mature trans face of the Golgi, discharge contents, or form lysosomes.
    • Function: Chemical modification of proteins, packaging of proteins to form secretory vesicles, secretion of proteins, formation of coated vesicles and lysosomes.

    Lysosomes

    • EM: Membranous organelles, round, electron-dense bodies. Contain hydrolytic enzymes.
    • Types: Primary lysosomes: newly formed from Golgi. Secondary lysosomes: primary lysosomes + foreign vesicles.
    • Function: Phagocytosis, pinocytosis; digestion of engulfed materials; lysis of old organelles (autophagic vacuoles).

    Cytoskeleton

    • Components: Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.
    • Microtubules: Pipe-like structures; 25 nm in diameter; composed of tubulin proteins; support cell shape, transport substances in the cytoplasm, form centrioles, cilia, flagella, form mitotic spindle of cell division.
    • Microfilaments: Contractile filaments; 7 nm in diameter; actin proteins; involved in muscle contraction, support and structure for microvilli, cleavage furrow.
    • Intermediate filaments: 10 nm in diameter. Support cell shape, transmission of forces (smooth muscle), tumor identification.

    Centrioles & Centrosome

    • Centrioles: Cylindrical structures; Nine triplets of microtubules. Two centrioles per cell are perpendicular to one another.
    • Centrosome: Area where centrioles are located.
    • Function: Formation of mitotic spindles for cell division. Formation of basal bodies of cilia.

    Cilia

    • Hair-like processes on the surface of ciliated cells.
    • Found in respiratory epithelium, trachea, bronchi, and female genital system (uterus, fallopian tubes). Their primary function is to move substances through the cell. They have basal bodies similar to centrioles. Their shaft has nine peripheral doublets and two central microtubule singlets.
    • Structure: Basal bodies (similar to centrioles); Shaft (axoneme - 9 peripheral doublets & 2 central singlets); Rootlets (thin fibers).

    Cell Inclusions

    • Nonliving materials stored in the cytoplasm. Examples: stored food (glycogen, lipids) and pigments (exogenous -e.g. carotene, dust; endogenous -e.g. hemoglobin, lipofuscin, melanin).

    Nucleus

    • LM characteristics: Single, binucleated (liver cells), multinucleated (skeletal muscle), or no nuclei (RBCs, blood platelets). Size: small to large (3-14 µm).
    • LM Shape: Spherical, oval, kidney-shaped, segmented or lobule shaped, horse shoe shaped.
    • Staining: Basophilic (due to DNA and RNA content).
    • Appearance: Open-faced (vesicular), condensed
    • EM components: Nuclear envelope (membrane); Nucleolus; Chromatin (euchromatin, heterochromatin); Nuclear sap.
    • Chromatin: DNA and proteins. Euchromatin is extended and active; heterochromatin is condensed and inactive.

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