Cell Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of cellular process is depicted in Figure 2-10?

  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  • Phagocytosis (correct)
  • Pinocytosis

What is the role of clathrin molecules in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

  • They act as adapter proteins, connecting the receptor to the cargo.
  • They directly mediate the separation of the vesicle from the membrane.
  • They form a cage-like structure around the receptor-cargo complex. (correct)
  • They bind to the cargo molecule and initiate the process.

What role do antibodies play in phagocytosis?

  • Antibodies are not involved in phagocytosis.
  • Antibodies facilitate the binding of the target particle to the phagocytic cell membrane. (correct)
  • Antibodies directly engulf the target particle.
  • Antibodies prevent the target particle from entering the cell.

What is the primary difference between constitutive and regulated secretion?

<p>Constitutive secretion involves immediate release of products, while regulated secretion involves storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton in phagocytosis?

<p>The cytoskeleton drives the extension of pseudopods to engulf the particle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?

<p>Lysosomes contain enzymes that degrade the engulfed particle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is involved in the separation of the coated vesicle from the membrane during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>Dynamin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protein transport and vesicle traffic?

<p>The process operates in a random manner, similar to a chaotic transportation network. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>Phagocytosis involves the engulfment of large particles, while receptor-mediated endocytosis targets specific molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of SNARE proteins in vesicle fusion?

<p>They facilitate the interaction between vesicles and their target membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of clathrin in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>Clathrin forms a basket-like structure that drives membrane invagination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Rab GTPases in vesicle transport?

<p>They interact with docking proteins to ensure correct targeting of the vesicles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dynamin in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>Dynamin is involved in the scission of vesicles from the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of exocytosis?

<p>To release molecules outside the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells store secretory products in vesicles for future release?

<p>Endocrine cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the importance of proper SNARE interactions in cellular function?

<p>{ &quot;A&quot;: &quot;Defects in SNARE interactions can lead to impaired neurotransmitter release, resulting in neuroparalysis.&quot;, &quot;B&quot;: &quot;Errors in SNARE interactions can cause excessive secretion of hormones, leading to hormonal imbalances.&quot;, &quot;C&quot;: &quot;Defects in SNARE interactions can result in the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.&quot;, &quot;D&quot;: &quot;Errors in SNARE interactions can hinder the formation of coated pits during receptor-mediated endocytosis.&quot; } (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of micro-pinocytosis in a cell?

<p>To form small pinocytic vesicles for transport of soluble substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton?

<p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum size of macropinosomes formed during macro-pinocytosis?

<p>Greater than 0.2 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of macro-pinocytosis in immune system cells?

<p>Activation by specific growth factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis does not require the presence of clathrin?

<p>Both A and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of particles does phagocytosis primarily target?

<p>Large particles, including cellular debris and bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of phagosomes formed during phagocytosis?

<p>250 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between macro-pinocytosis and clathrin?

<p>Macro-pinocytosis occurs independently of clathrin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transport proteins in the membrane?

<p>To transfer small, water-soluble molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis specifically involves receptor proteins to internalize substances?

<p>Receptor-mediated endocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes the process of large molecules entering or leaving the cell through vesicles?

<p>Vesicular budding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do SNARE proteins play in cellular transport mechanisms?

<p>They initiate endocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

<p>Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis is characterized by the ingestion of fluid and solutes?

<p>Micropinocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of channels in the membrane?

<p>They create hydrophilic pathways for specific ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes exocytosis?

<p>It is involved in removing substances from the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

<p>Phagocytosis ingests large particles while pinocytosis involves liquids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of caveolins in micropinocytosis?

<p>They related to vesicle formation in lipid rafts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vesicular transport?

<p>Maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane and facilitating molecular transfer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytosis?

<p>Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between endocytosis and exocytosis?

<p>Endocytosis is the reverse process of exocytosis, with vesicle recycling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein plays a key role in initiating vesicle formation during clathrin-dependent endocytosis?

<p>Clathrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of micropinocytosis?

<p>The continuous formation of small vesicles, often involving caveolin proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis is responsible for the uptake of large particles or cells by the cell?

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>The uptake of specific molecules bound to cell surface receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dynamin in micropinocytosis?

<p>Pinching and scission of pinocytic vesicles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of caveolins in micropinocytosis?

<p>They are found in lipid rafts and contribute to the formation of caveolae, which are involved in micropinocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about endocytosis and exocytosis?

<p>Endocytosis is only involved in the uptake of fluids and small molecules, while exocytosis is responsible for the release of all substances from the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phagocytosis

A process where cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria, using extensions called pseudopods.

Fc receptors

Receptors on phagocytic cells that recognize antibodies bound to their target antigens.

Pseudopodia

Temporary projections of eukaryotic cells used during phagocytosis to engulf particles.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

A method of endocytosis where clathrin proteins form a coated pit to internalize target molecules.

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Vesicle scission

The process of cutting off a vesicle from the membrane, facilitated by dynamin.

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Endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances from their environment.

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Exocytosis

A cellular process that moves vesicles to the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.

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Lysosomes

Organelles that contain enzymes to digest engulfed materials in phagocytosis.

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Micro-Pinocytosis

A process that forms small vesicles for intake of solutes and proteins.

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Macropinosomes

Large vesicles formed during macro-pinocytosis to capture extracellular fluid.

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Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis

Endocytosis that does not require clathrin for vesicle formation.

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Actin-Dependent Endocytosis

Endocytosis that requires reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.

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Macro-Pinocytosis

A regulated mechanism for ingesting extracellular fluids and nutrients, involving membrane folds.

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Receptor-Mediated Process

Phagocytosis that uses specific surface receptors to identify and ingest substances.

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Process where receptors bind specific molecules allowing their entry into the cell.

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Coated vesicle

Vesicle surrounded by clathrin proteins formed during endocytosis.

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Dynamin

Protein that helps pinch off vesicles from the membrane during endocytosis.

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Regulated secretion

Release of stored products in vesicles triggered by signals.

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Constitutive secretion

Immediate release of proteins without storage or signals.

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SNARE proteins

Proteins that facilitate the fusion of vesicles with target membranes during secretion.

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Rab GTPases

Proteins that help identify target compartments for vesicles in the cell.

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Cargo molecules

Specific substances transported within vesicles during secretion processes.

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Vesicular Transport

Process that moves substances in and out of cells via vesicles.

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Clathrin

Protein that assists in the formation of vesicles during endocytosis.

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Pinocytosis

Non-specific uptake of fluids and small molecules by the cell.

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Caveolae

Flask-shaped invaginations in the cell membrane formed during endocytosis.

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SNAREs

Proteins involved in the fusion of vesicles with membranes during endocytosis and exocytosis.

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Plasma Membrane Transport

The process of substances moving across the plasma membrane.

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Simple Diffusion

Movement of small, non-polar molecules across the membrane without energy.

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Transport Proteins

Proteins that help in moving hydrophilic molecules across the membrane.

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Active Transport

Transport requiring energy to move substances against their gradient.

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Passive Transport

Movement of substances without energy, following concentration gradients.

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Endocytosis Types

Processes by which cells take in substances, including receptor-mediated and pinocytosis.

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Role of SNARE Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the fusion of vesicles during endocytosis and exocytosis.

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Study Notes

Cellular Transport Mechanisms

  • Substances enter or leave cells via various mechanisms
  • Substances that are not soluble in lipids (e.g., gases) cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, following their concentration gradient
  • Vesicular transport maintains the integrity of the plasma membrane and facilitates transfer of molecules between cell compartments
  • Vesicular transport involves changes in the shape and structure of the plasma membrane, such as formation of vesicles
  • Endocytosis is a general term for processes where substances enter the cell
  • Exocytosis is a general term that refers to processes where substances leave the cell
  • Endocytosis can be classified as receptor-mediated or non-receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • In receptor-mediated endocytosis, specific receptors bind to molecules that the cell wants to take up
  • Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles like bacteria, while pinocytosis is a process in which small fluid-containing vesicles form
  • Micropinocytosis is a type of non-receptor mediated endocytosis
  • Exocytosis occurs in various cell types and is involved in secretion activities
  • Exocytosis process depends on the fusion of vesicles and the plasma membrane
  • In exocytosis, vesicles containing secretory products fuse with the plasma membrane, and the contents are released outside the cell

Endocytosis

  • Endocytosis is a vital cellular process for transporting larger molecules, materials, and particles in to the cell
  • Types of endocytosis include: receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves specific receptors on the cell surface that bind to specific molecules
  • Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing large particles. The cell will need to be highly specialized
  • Pinocytosis is a process that takes up a small amount of fluids or small molecules
  • Micropinocytosis is a subtype of pinocytosis specialized for taking up liquids

Exocytosis

  • Exocytosis is part of the secretion process and the process of expelling molecules that have been produced inside the cell to the extracellular space
  • Exocytosis can be constitutive (unregulated) or regulated
  • Regulated exocytosis involves vesicles that accumulate and wait to release products under specific conditions
  • Constitutive exocytosis is a continuous process of exocytosis that is not regulated; and it involves vesicles that deliver their content directly to the outside of the membrane

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