Cell Biology Chapter 03 Quiz
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Cell Biology Chapter 03 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What structure forms when DNA is associated with histones?

  • Chromatin
  • Nucleosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Chromosomes (correct)

    • During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes dispersed as chromatin?

  • Interphase (correct)
  • Prophase
  • Telophase
  • Anaphase

    • Which ribosome type synthesizes proteins used inside the cell?

  • Rough ribosomes
  • Membrane-bound ribosomes
  • Free ribosomes (correct)
  • Polysomes

    • What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Protein production and modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Golgi apparatus primarily responsible for?

    <p>Protein and lipid modification and transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>Breaking down cellular waste and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from rough ER?

    <p>Presence of attached ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lysosomes formed in the cell?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport allows substances to move against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the ingestion of liquid through small vesicles?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure regulates movement into and out of the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nucleolus?

    <p>Manufacturing ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport involves the release of a vesicle from the cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of cytoplasm?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles vary in number and type based on cell function?

    <p>Organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>To enclose and support cell contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the composition of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Primarily made of lipids and proteins with some carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules dominate the lipid composition of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a cell is considered the control center?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycoprotein primarily composed of?

    <p>Carbohydrates and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of the plasma membrane allows cells to determine what enters or exits the cell?

    <p>Its selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face which environment?

    <p>The extracellular environment and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Serves as a site for ribosome assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digest cellular material and nonfunctional organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the mitochondria is responsible for the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cilia play in cellular movement?

    <p>Movement of materials over the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What by-product is generated during the breakdown of fatty acids in peroxisomes?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microvilli in a cell?

    <p>Increase surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the polar heads of phospholipids primarily facing in a cellular membrane?

    <p>The extracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cholesterol play in the membrane?

    <p>It determines the texture and flexibility of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane protein forms a passageway through the plasma membrane?

    <p>Channel proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes gated ion channels from leak ion channels?

    <p>Gated channels only open under specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of uniporters among carrier proteins?

    <p>They move one ion or molecule across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ligand-gated ion channels operate?

    <p>They open when ligands bind to proteins or glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes peripheral membrane proteins from integral membrane proteins?

    <p>Peripheral proteins are attached to integral proteins or lipids on the membrane's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport mechanism do ATP-powered pumps utilize?

    <p>Active transport requiring energy input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology Overview

    • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms, consisting of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus with organelles.

    Plasma Membrane

    • Acts as a boundary between intracellular (cytoplasmic) and extracellular environments.
    • Responsible for enclosing and supporting cell contents, cell communication, and selective permeability.

    Composition of the Plasma Membrane

    • Primarily composed of lipids (mainly phospholipids) and proteins, with a minor presence of carbohydrates.
    • Glycocalyx is formed by carbohydrate and lipid or protein combinations on the outer surface of the membrane.

    Membrane Lipids

    • Phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
    • Cholesterol molecules inserted among phospholipids contribute to membrane stability and fluidity.

    Membrane Proteins

    • Integral proteins extend through the membrane, often forming channels for transport.
    • Peripheral proteins are located on the inner or outer surfaces or attached to lipid heads.

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Channel Proteins: Create pathways for ions; can be leak (always open) or gated (open with stimulus).
    • Carrier Proteins (Transporters): Move ions across the membrane; can include uniporters, symporters, and antiporters for various transport processes.

    Vesicular Transport

    • Involves the movement of large substances via vesicle formation, requiring ATP.
    • Includes processes like endocytosis (moving substances into the cell), exocytosis (moving substances out), phagocytosis (ingestion of solid particles), and pinocytosis (ingestion of liquid).

    Cytoplasm

    • Comprises the material inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus, including cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton.
    • The cytosol is the fluid component containing dissolved molecules and suspended proteins.

    Cytoskeleton

    • Provides structural support and enables cellular movements through microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

    The Nucleus

    • Large organelle containing DNA, surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores regulating movement in and out.
    • Contains nucleoplasm and nucleolus, where ribosome synthesis occurs.

    Chromosome Structure

    • DNA associated with histones forms chromosomes; DNA organization changes from chromatin (during most of the cell cycle) to compact chromosomes (during cell division).

    Ribosomes

    • Sites of protein synthesis, existing in free form or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) for additional modifications.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Continuous with the nuclear envelope; has two forms:
      • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein production.
      • Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid production, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Comprised of flattened membrane sacs that modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

    Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

    • Lysosomes: Formed at the Golgi, contain enzymes for digestion of cellular material and waste removal.
    • Peroxisomes: Smaller than lysosomes, involved in breaking down fatty acids and amino acids; also contain catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide.

    Mitochondria

    • Primary site for ATP synthesis, features inner membrane infoldings (cristae) for the electron transport chain, and a matrix for the Krebs cycle enzymes.

    Cilia and Flagella

    • Cilia: Hair-like structures that move substances across cell surfaces (e.g., mucus).
    • Flagella: Longer appendages used for cellular movement (e.g., sperm).

    Microvilli

    • Extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area, often modified for sensory functions.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Chapter 03 of Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology. This quiz covers important concepts related to cell organization, membrane structure, and the functions of key cell components. Perfect for reinforcing your learning in cell biology.

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