Cell Biology: Cellular Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is selective permeability?

The ability of a cell wall to allow some substances through the membrane and block others.

Which of the following substances have free passage through cell membranes?

  • Enzymes
  • Glucose
  • Electrolytes
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is diffusion?

    The movement of solutes towards lower solute concentrations.

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    <p>The movement of solutes towards higher concentrations using a carrier molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define osmosis.

    <p>The passive movement of water/solvent across a membrane towards higher solute concentrations, a process driven by osmotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport?

    <p>The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe endocytosis.

    <p>The process of bringing substances into the cell through the formation of vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypotonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypertonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When nothing else is available, where does the cell get energy (ATP) from?

    <p>Breaking down glucose, triglycerides, or protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cells store energy?

    <p>By building larger molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions does cell proliferation occur?

    <p>Cell proliferation occurs when cells divide and produce new cells through the processes of mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what cell differentiation is.

    <p>Cell differentiation occurs when cells become specialized and assume specific functions within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue found in the body?

    <p>Vascular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atrophy?

    <p>A decrease in the size and function of an organ or tissue due to a reduced workload or lack of use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hypertrophy.

    <p>An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increased workload or stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperplasia?

    <p>An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue due to increased cell proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define metaplasia.

    <p>A reversible change where one type of mature cell is replaced by another type of mature cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain dysplasia.

    <p>A pathological process where cells exhibit abnormal growth and development, characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most diseases begin with what?

    <p>Cell injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause cell injury?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necrotic cell death?

    <p>A type of cell death characterized by uncontrolled cell lysis and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dry gangrene?

    <p>A type of gangrene characterized by dry, shrunken, and mummified tissue due to lack of blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe wet gangrene.

    <p>A type of gangrene associated with infection and the release of toxins, leading to tissue liquefaction and swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in carcinogenesis?

    <p>Metastasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between primary and secondary cancers?

    <p>Primary cancer is the original site of tumor development, while secondary cancer is where the tumor has spread to, known as metastasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anaplastic cell?

    <p>An undifferentiated cell that lacks the specialized features of normal cells, resembling primitive cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are benign cancers?

    <p>Tumors that are slow-growing, localized, and well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define malignant cancers.

    <p>Neoplasms that are rapidly growing, invasive, and can spread to other parts of the body through metastasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a predisposing host factor for cancer development?

    <p>Blood Type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a CAUTION sign for cancer?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a complication of cancer?

    <p>Diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer diagnosis can be made through which of the following procedures?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer is classified by which of the following?

    <p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of palliative treatment in cancer care?

    <p>To provide comfort and manage symptoms of cancer, improving quality of life for patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prophylactic treatment in cancer care?

    <p>To reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the risk of recurrence after initial treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a karyotype?

    <p>A complete set of chromosomes in a cell, including the number and structure of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define phenotype.

    <p>The observable characteristics of an individual, determined by their genotype and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are alleles?

    <p>Alternative forms of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain autosomal dominant disorders.

    <p>Disorders caused by a mutation in a single gene on an autosome, where one copy of the mutated gene from either parent is sufficient to cause the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Marfan syndrome?

    <p>A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, primarily due to mutations in the FBN1 gene, leading to a variety of symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neurofibromatosis?

    <p>A group of genetic disorders characterized by the development of benign tumors on various tissues, including nerves, skin, and bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain autosomal recessive disorders.

    <p>Inherited disorders caused by mutations in two copies of a gene on an autosome, one from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>A genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe Tay-Sachs disease.

    <p>A fatal genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, caused by a deficiency in the enzyme hexosaminidase A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fragile X syndrome?

    <p>A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, leading to intellectual disability, developmental delays, and behavioral challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multifactorial inheritance disorders?

    <p>Disorders caused by an interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain cleft lip and palate.

    <p>A birth defect that occurs when the upper lip and/or roof of the mouth (palate) do not close completely during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomal disorders?

    <p>Disorders resulting from abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe Down syndrome.

    <p>A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain Klinefelter syndrome.

    <p>A genetic disorder that occurs in males, caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Processes and Organization

    • Selective Permeability: Cell membranes allow the passage of some substances while blocking others, varying by cell type.
    • Substances with Free Passage: Enzymes, glucose, and electrolytes readily cross membranes due to their dissolved nature in water. Enzymes are vital for chemical reactions in the body.
    • Diffusion: Movement of solutes from higher to lower concentrations.
    • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of solutes from higher to lower concentrations using a carrier molecule.
    • Osmosis: Passive movement of water across a membrane from lower to higher solute concentration, influencing cell function through processes like lysis or crenation.
    • Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
    • Endocytosis: Bringing substances into a cell, encompassing phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
    • Hypotonic: Solution with a lower solute concentration than another solution.
    • Hypertonic: Solution with a higher solute concentration than another solution.
    • Energy Source: The body breaks down glucose, triglycerides, or proteins to create energy (ATP) when other sources are unavailable.
    • Energy Storage: Building larger molecules stores energy.
    • Cell Proliferation: Cells divide and produce new cells through mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and meiosis.
    • Differentiation: Cells specialize and mature, stemming from less differentiated precursor cells (stem cells).
    • Tissue Types:
    • Epithelial: Barrier tissue, tightly packed cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
    • Connective: Supports and connects tissues, cells suspended in an extracellular matrix (e.g., loose, dense).
    • Muscle: Enables movement, consists of fibers with contractile proteins (actin, myosin).
    • Nervous: Senses, processes, and responds to stimuli, composed of neurons and neuroglia.

    Cell Adaptation and Injury

    • Atrophy: Decreasing cell size and function due to decreased workload or use.
    • Hypertrophy: Increasing cell size and function due to increased workload.
    • Hyperplasia: Increasing tissue size due to increased cell proliferation (compensatory or hormonal). Normal (liver regeneration, menstruation) vs. abnormal (endometrial, cancer).
    • Metaplasia: Abnormal cell replacement (not always cancerous).
    • Dysplasia: Abnormal cell development, potentially cancerous.
    • Cell Injury Causes: Physical, chemical, biological agents, radiation, and nutritional imbalances.
    • Cell Injury Consequences: Ischemia (lack of blood flow), necrosis (cell death), and damage caused by free radicals; may be reversible if balanced by cell renewal.
    • Necrosis (types):
    • Coagulative: Interruption of blood flow
    • Liquefactive: Specific situations, e.g., bacterial infections.
    • Caseous: Tuberculosis-like appearance.
    • Fatty: Specific to fat tissue.
    • Gangrene: Type of necrosis caused by severe hypoxic injury.
    • Dry: Coagulative, often in extremities.
    • Wet: More serious, with toxin release and bacterial invasion.
    • Neoplasm: Unregulated and uncontrolled cell growth. Can originate in or spread to other sites (primary vs. secondary).

    Cancer Types and Development

    • Carcinogenesis (Stages):
    • Initiation: Exposure to a cancer-causing agent.
    • Promotion: Uncontrolled growth initiated.
    • Progression: Permanent malignant changes and metastasis.
    • Primary vs. Secondary Cancers: Primary is where cancer originates, secondary (metastasis) is where it spreads.
    • Anaplasia: Undifferentiated cells in a primitive state.
    • Benign Cancers: Slow, localized growth, resemble surrounding host tissue.
    • Malignant Cancers: Rapid growth, metastasis, undifferentiated.
    • Host Factors: Age, immune function, gender, socioeconomic status, weight, and prior cancer or chemotherapy.
    • Cancer Detection Warning Signs: Changes in elimination habits, persistent sores, abnormal bleeding/discharge, lumps, indigestion, changes in moles, nagging cough/hoarseness.
    • Cancer Complications: Cachexia, fatigue, infection, pain, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.
    • Diagnosis Procedures: Biopsy, tumor markers, imaging.
    • Cancer Classification:
    • Staging (TNM): Based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.
    • Grading (I-IV): Based on tumor differentiation (how much it resembles normal tissue).
    • Cancer Treatment: Palliative (comfort), prophylactic (prevention).

    Genetic Disorders

    • Karyotype: Visual representation of chromosomes.
    • Phenotype: How genetic material manifests.
    • Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
    • Autosomal Dominant Disorders: Single gene, 50% chance of inheritance from affected parent. Examples: Marfan Syndrome, Neurofibromatosis.
    • Marfan Syndrome: Genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, characterized by long extremities, cardiovascular problems, and ocular issues.
    • Neurofibromatosis: Genetic disorder causing nervous system tumors and bone defects (type 1), or auditory nerve tumors (type 2).
    • Autosomal Recessive Disorders: Both parents must carry the mutated gene. Examples: Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs.
    • Phenylketonuria (PKU): Difficulty metabolizing phenylalanine, causing neurological damage. Treated with a strict diet.
    • Tay-Sachs: Deficiency in an enzyme needed to break down lipids, leading to progressive neurological deterioration.
    • Fragile X Syndrome: Trinucleotide repeat disorder, causing learning disabilities and behavioral challenges.
    • Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders: Interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Example: Cleft lip and palate.
    • Cleft Lip and Palate: Abnormal facial development, typically needing surgery and speech therapy.
    • Chromosomal Disorders: Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes.
    • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21): Intellectual disabilities, characteristic physical features, increased risk of certain health problems.
    • Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X): Short stature, reproductive issues, unique physical characteristics.
    • Klinefelter Syndrome (Polysomy X): Male reproductive issues, physical characteristics.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cellular processes, including selective permeability, diffusion, and active transport. Understand how substances move across cell membranes and the role of water in cellular function. This quiz will test your knowledge of essential concepts related to cell biology.

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