12 Questions
What is the main function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
To act as a stabilizer during elevated temperatures and restrict motion
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Diffusion
Which type of protein is embedded in the cell membrane and facilitates the transport of large molecules?
Integral proteins
What is the term for the movement of particles against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure?
Active transport
What is the term for a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cell?
Isotonic
What is the term for the process by which the cell takes in large molecules or particles through the formation of vesicles?
Endocytosis
What is the primary function of the Golgi complex in the cell?
To receive and modify proteins and lipids from the ER
What is the main component of the cytoskeleton that provides structural support and movement within the cell?
Microtubules and microfilaments
What is the primary function of aerobic cellular respiration?
To generate ATP through the use of oxygen
What is the function of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) in the cell?
To assist in the movement of chromosomes during cell division
What is the primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
To contain digestive enzymes to break down waste products and harmful materials
What is the role of centrioles in the cell?
To form a hollow cylinder and assist in microtubule assembly
Study Notes
Cytosol and Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Cytosol: fluid portion of the cell
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): modifies and transports proteins after they're made
- Rough ER: portion with attached ribosomes
- Smooth ER: no attached ribosomes, responsible for lipid synthesis
Golgi Complex and Lysosomes
- Golgi complex: receives and alters lipids and proteins from ER, ships them to other cell parts
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and harmful materials
Energy and Cellular Respiration
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate): high-energy molecule providing energy for the cell
- Aerobic cellular respiration: uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers providing structural support and movement within the cell
- Contains microtubules and microfilaments
- Microtubules: hollow cylinders involved in chromosome movement during cell division and cilia/flagella structure
- MTOCs (microtubule-organizing centers): microtubules grow outward from here to assist in chromosome movement
- Centrioles: inside centrosomes, form hollow cylinders, assist in microtubule assembly
- Microfilaments: two intertwined chains of actin, work with myosin to cause cell constriction and muscle contraction
Cell Coat and Membrane
- Cell coat: made up of polysaccharide side chains, glycoproteins, lipids, and extracellular matrix fluid
- Mosaic model: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Membrane components: lipids (amphipathic phospholipids, cholesterol) and proteins (peripheral, integral)
- Selective permeability: allows only certain materials to pass through the membrane
Transport
- Diffusion: passive transport, along concentration gradient
- Active transport: requires energy expenditure, moves particles against concentration gradient
- Special methods: endocytosis and exocytosis
- Diffusion principles:
- Osmosis: equalizes solute concentrations
- Isotonic: equal solutes inside and outside
- Hypertonic: more solutes outside the cell
- Hypotonic: more solutes inside the cell
- Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of large, lipid-insoluble molecules using integral proteins
This quiz covers the different cell organelles, including cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, their functions, and the role of ATP in the cell.
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