Y1S2 001 III Biochem Cell Biology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the lysosome?

Temporary storage or secretion of materials

Protein and lipid synthesis

Energy production from nutrients

Debris degradation and contents recycling (correct)

What is the role of the centrioles in the cell?

Synthesis of proteins and lipids

Involvement in DNA replication and transcription

Involvement in the process of mitosis (correct)

Organization of the nucleolus

What is the result of unchecked DNA damage in cells?

Improved quality control of proteins and lipids

Enhanced cellular activity and synthesis

Disruption of embryonic development and increased risk of cancer (correct)

Increased energy production from nutrients

What is the primary function of the chloroplast's internal membrane system?

To facilitate the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pars fibrosa in the nucleolus?

Transcription of newly synthesized ribosomal RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?

To generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modification and storage of proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lysosomes in a cell?

To segregate harmful products from the rest of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

Acting as a messenger to the DNA about cellular activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

To regulate the shape and fluidity of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ribosomes in a cell?

To synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

To synthesize and transport proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peroxisome in the cell?

To protect the cell from toxic hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi body?

To break down foreign invaders such as bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of uncontrolled release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm?

Cell death (necrosis) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of lysosomal enzymes?

They work only at low pH levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein that is lacking in Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)?

Transporter protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus in the cell?

To transcribe rRNA and assemble ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is characterized by having many internal folds and being rich in enzyme systems vital to energy production?

Mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of genetic material for mitochondrial DNA?

Maternal inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme responsible for breaking down fatty substances in Tay-Sachs disease?

Fat buildup on nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of mitochondrial disease?

Increased muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the three components of the cytoskeleton?

To enhance structural integrity and cell shape Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT typically affected by mitochondrial disease?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which ions and small hydrophilic molecules pass through the membrane?

Simple diffusion through a water-filled pore Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules can pass through the membrane by simple diffusion?

Ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of cell necrosis?

Cells swell and their contents leak out, leading to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GLUT in cellular transport?

Transporting glucose through the membrane using the energy of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of chromatin in apoptotic cells?

It is degraded, showing a characteristic pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the cell fragments formed during apoptosis?

They are engulfed by macrophages and dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lysosomes and Cellular Functions

Primary function of lysosomes: digestion and waste removal through hydrolytic enzymes.
Consequence of uncontrolled release of lysosomal enzymes: can lead to cell damage and death.
Characteristic of lysosomal enzymes: active in acidic environments and designed to break down macromolecules.

Centrioles

Role of centrioles: organize the microtubule system during cell division and form spindle fibers.

DNA Damage

Result of unchecked DNA damage: can lead to mutations, cancer, or programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Chloroplasts and Energy Production

Primary function of chloroplast's internal membrane system: site for photosynthesis, containing thylakoids where light reactions occur.

Nucleolus and its Functions

Function of the nucleolus: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.
Location of pars fibrosa: within the nucleolus, involved in the transcription of rRNA.

Mitochondria

Main function of mitochondria: ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation; powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondrial DNA: primarily inherited maternally and involved in energy production gene expression.
Organelle with internal folds rich in enzyme systems: mitochondria, enhancing surface area for energy-producing reactions.

Golgi Apparatus

Primary function of the Golgi apparatus: modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Cytoskeleton

Main function of the cytoskeleton: provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and organizes cell components.
Primary functions of the three components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments): maintain cell shape, enable intracellular transport, and anchor organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER), as well as detoxification.

Peroxisomes

Primary function of peroxisomes: breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide.

Apoptosis

Characteristic feature of chromatin in apoptotic cells: condensation and fragmentation.
Fate of cell fragments during apoptosis: engulfed by phagocytes, preventing inflammation.

Membrane Transport

Primary mechanism for ions and small hydrophilic molecules: channel proteins or transporters.
Molecules that can pass through the membrane by simple diffusion: nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Cellular Transport and Necrosis

Role of GLUT in cellular transport: facilitates glucose uptake into cells.
Consequence of cell necrosis: uncontrolled cell death resulting in tissue damage and inflammation.

Tay-Sachs Disease

Result of deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme responsible for breaking down fatty substances: accumulation of GM2 gangliosides, leading to neurological damage.

Mitochondrial Disease

Organs typically affected by mitochondrial disease: often includes the brain, muscles, and heart.
Symptoms not typically associated with mitochondrial disease: may vary, often include metabolic dysfunctions.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the fundamental components of cells, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell division. Learn about the structure and functions of cells, and how they relate to tissues and organs.