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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of meiosis?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the result of mitosis?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
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What is the function of the Golgi body?
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What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the function of the vacuole?
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What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane
- Also known as plasma membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Functions:
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Maintains cell shape and structure
- Provides mechanical support and protection
Mitosis
- Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- Occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) for growth, repair, and replacement
- Results in genetically identical daughter cells
Meiosis
- Type of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction
- Consists of two successive cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) with one round of DNA replication
- Increases genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment
Golgi Body
- Complex organelle composed of flattened sacs and tubules
- Functions:
- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum
- Forms vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or for secretion
- Plays a role in cell signaling and protein degradation
Mitochondria
- Organelle responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Converts glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through aerobic respiration
- Has its own DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes for protein synthesis
- Functions:
- Generates energy for the cell
- Regulates cell growth and division
- Involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Vacuole
- Membrane-bound organelle that stores and transports materials
- Functions:
- Storage of water, ions, and small molecules
- Helps maintain cell turgor pressure
- Involved in cell signaling and defense against pathogens
- Autophagy (recycling of cellular components)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Network of membranous tubules and cisternae
- Functions:
- Protein synthesis and transport
- Lipid synthesis and transport
- Detoxification and degradation of proteins
- Regulation of calcium levels
- Two types:
- Rough ER: has ribosomes attached for protein synthesis
- Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
Cell Membrane
- Plasma membrane that surrounds the cell and is semi-permeable
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins for structural support
- Regulates cell's internal environment by controlling what enters and leaves the cell
- Maintains cell shape, structure, and provides mechanical support and protection
Cell Division
Mitosis
- Type of cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells
- Occurs in somatic cells for growth, repair, and replacement
- Consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- Produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis
- Type of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
- Occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction
- Consists of two successive cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) with one round of DNA replication
- Increases genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment
Organelles
Golgi Body
- Complex organelle composed of flattened sacs and tubules
- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum
- Forms vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or for secretion
- Plays a role in cell signaling, protein degradation, and cell division
Mitochondria
- Organelle responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Converts glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through aerobic respiration
- Has its own DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes for protein synthesis
- Regulates cell growth, division, and apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Vacuole
- Membrane-bound organelle that stores and transports materials
- Stores water, ions, and small molecules
- Helps maintain cell turgor pressure
- Involved in cell signaling, defense against pathogens, and autophagy (recycling of cellular components)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Network of membranous tubules and cisternae
- Functions in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and transport
- Detoxification and degradation of proteins, regulation of calcium levels
- Two types: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes)
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Description
Test your knowledge of cellular structures and processes, including the cell membrane and mitosis.
