Cell Biology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of cells that allows them to adapt to changes in their environment?

  • Compartmentalization
  • Robustness
  • Specialization
  • Dynamic behavior (correct)

    • What percentage of the human genome is essential for cell survival?

  • 10%
  • 50%
  • 9.2% (correct)
  • 25%

    • What is the term used to describe a cell's ability to maintain performance and function in the face of internal and external perturbations?

  • Flexibility
  • Robustness (correct)
  • Adaptability
  • Resilience

    • What is the estimated percentage of metabolic reactions in bacteria and yeast that can be individually removed without impacting the function of the cell?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are essential for cell proliferation and survival in human cells, according to a recent study?

    <p>1,878</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why not all genes are required at the same time in cells?

    <p>Genes are specialized and only function in specific environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature at which most enzymes work?

    <p>37 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of heat shock proteins?

    <p>To help proteins fold properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adaptation of Geogemma barossii to high temperatures?

    <p>Supercoiling DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the carbohydrate region of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise the protein structure in the extracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum temperature at which Planococcus halocryophilus can grow?

    <p>Minus 15 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for general hypoxia in cells?

    <p>Distance from blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagy in response to stress?

    <p>To allow cells to survive by providing nutrients for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of superoxide dismutases in antioxidant defenses?

    <p>To convert highly reactive superoxide free radicals to less reactive hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations and uncontrolled cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteasome in the cell?

    <p>To degrade unwanted or damaged proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of quiescence in cellular biology?

    <p>A state of reversible cell cycle arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heat shock proteins in cells?

    <p>To help proteins fold properly so that they can function correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise protein structure and offer protection from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations allows Geogemma barossii to thrive in high-temperature hydrothermal vents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of biomass in life in deep earth?

    <p>15-23 billion tonnes of carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem that cells encounter when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Rigid and viscous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough ER in cells?

    <p>Carbohydrate attachment to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fish?

    <p>To prevent ice crystal formation in their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of Planococcus halocryophilus?

    <p>Minus 15 to minus 25 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary response of cells to hypoxia?

    <p>Activation of transcription factors to alter gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagy in cells?

    <p>To degrade damaged or harmful cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in autophagy?

    <p>To degrade the contents of autophagosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteasomes in cells?

    <p>To degrade damaged or unwanted proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glutathione in cells?

    <p>To donate electrons to reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of superoxide dismutases?

    <p>To convert superoxide free radicals to hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalase in cells?

    <p>To convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cell losing control over its own cells?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DNA damage response?

    <p>To repair damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cancer and aging?

    <p>Cancer is generally a disease associated with old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidative stress in cells?

    <p>Formation of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cells' antioxidant defenses?

    <p>To protect cells from damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of cells being dynamic and able to adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>It enables them to survive in a wide range of environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of redundancy in cells?

    <p>It makes cells more robust and fault-tolerant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines which genes are essential for cell survival?

    <p>The type of environment the cell is in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of human genes that are essential for cell survival and proliferation?

    <p>9.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a cell's ability to maintain its performance and function in the face of internal and external perturbations?

    <p>Robustness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the finding that nearly all genes are essential for optimal growth in some environmental conditions?

    <p>It highlights the importance of gene expression in cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why most enzymes are optimised to work at 37 degrees?

    <p>This is the average temperature of the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of psychrophiles?

    <p>Their proteins are structurally very flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cells encounter problems and become stressed at high temperatures?

    <p>The cell membrane becomes more fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise the protein structure in the extracellular environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some animals can survive freezing temperatures?

    <p>They have antifreeze glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why low oxygen levels are extremely toxic to cells?

    <p>Oxygen is essential for the synthesis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that allows the wood frog to survive multiple freeze-thaw cycles?

    <p>Antifreeze glycoproteins and high glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxygen sensors in cells?

    <p>To detect changes in oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of psychrophiles?

    <p>They have proteins and metabolism optimised for cold temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagosomes in autophagy?

    <p>To sequester organelles, proteins, or portions of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of cellular quiescence?

    <p>Protection against environmental stresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteasomes in cells?

    <p>To degrade unwanted or damaged proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that cells adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>Cells are dynamic and are able to cope with a wide variety of environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of heat shock proteins?

    <p>To help proteins fold properly so that they can function properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of genes that are essential for cell survival in human cells?

    <p>Around 9.2% of the human genome is essential for cell survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise the protein structure in the extracellular environment and offer protection from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cells that allows them to adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>Cells are dynamic and are able to cope with a wide variety of environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem that cells encounter when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Proteins don't fold properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate electron acceptor in the process of producing ATP through the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antioxidant defenses in cells?

    <p>To protect cells from oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cancer and aging?

    <p>Cancer is generally a disease associated with old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DNA damage response?

    <p>To repair damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalase in cells?

    <p>To convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidative stress in cells?

    <p>Damage to cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cells cope with stress?

    <p>Robustness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of superoxide dismutases in antioxidant defenses?

    <p>To convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cell losing control over its own cells?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hypoxia response genes?

    <p>To stimulate cells to proliferate and move towards the hypoxic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of autophagy in response to stress?

    <p>To provide nutrients for survival through the degradation of organelles and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glutathione in cells?

    <p>To readily donate electrons to reactive oxygen species, forming more stable molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations will be formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteasome in the cell?

    <p>To degrade unwanted or damaged proteins, recycling the amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a cell's ability to survive in response to multiple stresses?

    <p>Stress tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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