Cell Biology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of cells that allows them to adapt to changes in their environment?

  • Compartmentalization
  • Robustness
  • Specialization
  • Dynamic behavior (correct)

    • What percentage of the human genome is essential for cell survival?

  • 10%
  • 50%
  • 9.2% (correct)
  • 25%

    • What is the term used to describe a cell's ability to maintain performance and function in the face of internal and external perturbations?

  • Flexibility
  • Robustness (correct)
  • Adaptability
  • Resilience

    • What is the estimated percentage of metabolic reactions in bacteria and yeast that can be individually removed without impacting the function of the cell?

    <p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are essential for cell proliferation and survival in human cells, according to a recent study?

    <p>1,878 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why not all genes are required at the same time in cells?

    <p>Genes are specialized and only function in specific environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature at which most enzymes work?

    <p>37 degrees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of heat shock proteins?

    <p>To help proteins fold properly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adaptation of Geogemma barossii to high temperatures?

    <p>Supercoiling DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the carbohydrate region of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise the protein structure in the extracellular environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum temperature at which Planococcus halocryophilus can grow?

    <p>Minus 15 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for general hypoxia in cells?

    <p>Distance from blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagy in response to stress?

    <p>To allow cells to survive by providing nutrients for survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of superoxide dismutases in antioxidant defenses?

    <p>To convert highly reactive superoxide free radicals to less reactive hydrogen peroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations and uncontrolled cell growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteasome in the cell?

    <p>To degrade unwanted or damaged proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of quiescence in cellular biology?

    <p>A state of reversible cell cycle arrest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heat shock proteins in cells?

    <p>To help proteins fold properly so that they can function correctly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise protein structure and offer protection from the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations allows Geogemma barossii to thrive in high-temperature hydrothermal vents?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of biomass in life in deep earth?

    <p>15-23 billion tonnes of carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem that cells encounter when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Rigid and viscous membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough ER in cells?

    <p>Carbohydrate attachment to proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fish?

    <p>To prevent ice crystal formation in their bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of Planococcus halocryophilus?

    <p>Minus 15 to minus 25 degrees Celsius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary response of cells to hypoxia?

    <p>Activation of transcription factors to alter gene expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagy in cells?

    <p>To degrade damaged or harmful cellular components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in autophagy?

    <p>To degrade the contents of autophagosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteasomes in cells?

    <p>To degrade damaged or unwanted proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glutathione in cells?

    <p>To donate electrons to reactive oxygen species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of superoxide dismutases?

    <p>To convert superoxide free radicals to hydrogen peroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalase in cells?

    <p>To convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cell losing control over its own cells?

    <p>Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DNA damage response?

    <p>To repair damaged DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cancer and aging?

    <p>Cancer is generally a disease associated with old age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidative stress in cells?

    <p>Formation of reactive oxygen species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cells' antioxidant defenses?

    <p>To protect cells from damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of cells being dynamic and able to adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>It enables them to survive in a wide range of environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of redundancy in cells?

    <p>It makes cells more robust and fault-tolerant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines which genes are essential for cell survival?

    <p>The type of environment the cell is in (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of human genes that are essential for cell survival and proliferation?

    <p>9.2% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a cell's ability to maintain its performance and function in the face of internal and external perturbations?

    <p>Robustness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the finding that nearly all genes are essential for optimal growth in some environmental conditions?

    <p>It highlights the importance of gene expression in cellular function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why most enzymes are optimised to work at 37 degrees?

    <p>This is the average temperature of the human body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of psychrophiles?

    <p>Their proteins are structurally very flexible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cells encounter problems and become stressed at high temperatures?

    <p>The cell membrane becomes more fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise the protein structure in the extracellular environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some animals can survive freezing temperatures?

    <p>They have antifreeze glycoproteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why low oxygen levels are extremely toxic to cells?

    <p>Oxygen is essential for the synthesis of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that allows the wood frog to survive multiple freeze-thaw cycles?

    <p>Antifreeze glycoproteins and high glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxygen sensors in cells?

    <p>To detect changes in oxygen levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of psychrophiles?

    <p>They have proteins and metabolism optimised for cold temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagosomes in autophagy?

    <p>To sequester organelles, proteins, or portions of the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of cellular quiescence?

    <p>Protection against environmental stresses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteasomes in cells?

    <p>To degrade unwanted or damaged proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that cells adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>Cells are dynamic and are able to cope with a wide variety of environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of heat shock proteins?

    <p>To help proteins fold properly so that they can function properly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of genes that are essential for cell survival in human cells?

    <p>Around 9.2% of the human genome is essential for cell survival. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

    <p>To stabilise the protein structure in the extracellular environment and offer protection from the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cells that allows them to adapt to changes in their environment?

    <p>Cells are dynamic and are able to cope with a wide variety of environments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem that cells encounter when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Proteins don't fold properly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate electron acceptor in the process of producing ATP through the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antioxidant defenses in cells?

    <p>To protect cells from oxidative stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cancer and aging?

    <p>Cancer is generally a disease associated with old age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DNA damage response?

    <p>To repair damaged DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalase in cells?

    <p>To convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidative stress in cells?

    <p>Damage to cellular components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cells cope with stress?

    <p>Robustness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of superoxide dismutases in antioxidant defenses?

    <p>To convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cell losing control over its own cells?

    <p>Cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hypoxia response genes?

    <p>To stimulate cells to proliferate and move towards the hypoxic cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of autophagy in response to stress?

    <p>To provide nutrients for survival through the degradation of organelles and cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glutathione in cells?

    <p>To readily donate electrons to reactive oxygen species, forming more stable molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damaged DNA if not repaired?

    <p>Mutations will be formed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteasome in the cell?

    <p>To degrade unwanted or damaged proteins, recycling the amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a cell's ability to survive in response to multiple stresses?

    <p>Stress tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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