Cell Biology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate total volume of fluids in the human body, according to the diagram provided?

  • 56 Liters
  • 28 Liters
  • 14 Liters
  • 42 Liters (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a key tenet of the cell theory?

  • Cells are the structural building blocks of life.
  • Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells.
  • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital functions.
  • Cells are produced by spontaneous generation. (correct)

    • Which of these is considered part of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

  • Nucleoplasm
  • Plasma (correct)
  • Intracellular fluid (ICF)
  • Cytosol

    • What is the primary unit used to measure cellular size, as mentioned?

    <p>Micrometer (μm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A neuron, which is a specific type of cell, is best characterized by which of the following properties shown?

    <p>Its size, greater than one meter long. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

    <p>Protein production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components make up the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Actin, myosin, and tubulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the Golgi complex?

    <p>Packaging enzymes for cytosol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes inclusions from other cellular structures?

    <p>They are not essential to cell survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Calcium storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear pores?

    <p>To regulate passage of substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytosol/intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Melanin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for creating a barrier to the movement of polar molecules?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cell needs to move a solute against its concentration gradient. What type of membrane transport is required?

    <p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following membrane proteins is most likely involved in cell-to-cell recognition and identification?

    <p>Cell-identity marker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of microvilli found on some cell surfaces?

    <p>Increasing the surface area for absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of water and solutes between cells?

    <p>Tight junction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the glycocalyx?

    <p>Protects the cell and functions in cell identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flagella?

    <p>Propulsion of sperm cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following membrane proteins is responsible for facilitating the movement of specific molecules across the plasma membrane via a change in its shape?

    <p>Carrier protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular structure are connexons associated with?

    <p>Gap junctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane transport does not require ATP to move substances across the cell membrane?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of catalase within peroxisomes?

    <p>To convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is responsible for the production of ATP through aerobic respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key event defines the transition from prophase to metaphase during mitosis?

    <p>The chromosomes align at the center of the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process is characterized by the division of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Cytokinesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a location where ribosomes can be found within a cell?

    <p>Centrosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components that make up chromosomes?

    <p>DNA and proteins (histones) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fixed ribosomes from free ribosomes?

    <p>Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins for the plasma membrane, export, or lysosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of centrioles during cellular division?

    <p>To form the spindle apparatus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is characterized by the breakdown of cellular components for recycling and waste removal?

    <p>Autophagy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cytology

    The study of cells and their functions.

    Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

    Fluid found within cells, comprising 28L in the human body.

    Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

    Fluid outside cells, including plasma and interstitial fluid, totaling 42L.

    Cell Theory

    Concept that cells are structural units, originate from existing cells, and perform vital functions.

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    Micrometer (μm)

    A unit of measurement equal to one-millionth of a meter, used to measure cell size.

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    Exocytosis

    Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

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    Lysosomes

    Organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.

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    Mitochondria

    Organelles responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration.

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    Ribosomes

    Molecules that read genetic information to synthesize proteins from amino acids.

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    Centrioles

    Structures made of microtubules that help organize cell division.

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    Interphase

    The phase where the cell spends most of its life; includes G1, S, and G2 phases.

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    Mitosis

    The process of nuclear division producing two identical daughter nuclei.

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    Meiosis

    Specialized cellular division that produces four haploid gametes from a diploid cell.

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    Cytokinesis

    Process of cytoplasmic division that results in two separation daughter cells after mitosis.

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    Telomeres

    DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration.

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    Plasma Membrane

    A selectively permeable boundary separating the extracellular fluid from the intracellular fluid.

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    Fluid Mosaic Model

    A description of the plasma membrane structure with proteins floating in a phospholipid bilayer.

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    Phospholipid

    A molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, forming the bilayer of the cell membrane.

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    Glycocalyx

    A fuzzy, sugary coat on the cell membrane that protects the cell and aids cell identity.

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    Membrane Proteins

    Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that aid in functions like transport, signaling, and adhesion.

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    Passive Transport

    Movement of molecules across the membrane without the use of energy, following the concentration gradient.

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    Active Transport

    Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

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    Tight Junctions

    Interlocking proteins that prevent water and solutes from passing between cells.

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    Desmosome

    Strong cell junctions that provide resistance to stretching and twisting forces.

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    Gap Junctions

    Connections between cells that allow for communication and transfer of small molecules.

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    Nucleus

    The largest organelle, acting as the control center for protein production.

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    Nuclear Envelope

    A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, containing nuclear pores.

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    Cytoplasm

    The gel-like substance that fills the cell and houses organelles.

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    Cytoskeleton

    A network of protein filaments and tubules that gives structure to the cell.

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    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

    A type of ER with ribosomes, responsible for protein production.

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    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

    A type of ER that detoxifies substances and synthesizes lipids.

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    Golgi Complex

    Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

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    Inclusions

    Non-essential cellular products like pigments and stored nutrients.

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    Study Notes

    Cytology: The Study of Cells

    • Cytology is the study of cells
    • The human body contains approximately 42 liters of body fluids.
    • Intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for approximately 28 liters.
    • Extracellular fluids (ECF) include plasma (3L), lymph, and interstitial fluid (11L).
    • Intracellular materials include fibers and crystals.

    Cells: Structural and Functional Units of Life

    • Cells are the structural building blocks of the body
    • They are formed by the division of pre existing cells
    • Cells perform all vital functions
    • Specialized functions include formation of intercellular materials and fluids
    • Cells show a vast range of sizes and shapes
    • An estimated 30-40 trillion cells and 200 different types are present in the body.
    • Cells have basal, lateral, and apical surfaces.

    General Functions

    • Cells are involved in covering, lining, storage, movement, connection, defense, communication, and reproduction

    Cellular Diversity: Size

    • The size of cells ranges from 10-15 micrometers to visible scales of about 100 µm
    • Red blood cells (RBC) are approximately 8 µm in size.
    • Ovum cells measure about 140 µm.
    • Neurons can exceed 1 meter in length.

    Cellular Diversity: Cell Shapes

    • Cell shapes show wide variation, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, spheroid, discoid, fusiform, and fibrous types.

    Basic Components: Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, and Cytoplasm

    • Microvilli, desmosomes, fat droplets, secretory vesicles, intercellular space, centrosomes, centrioles, free ribosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, and mitochondria are components of the cell.

    Plasma Membrane

    • It separates the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF).
    • It has a thickness of 6-10 nm.
    • It's selectively permeable, allowing regulated passage of substances.
    • The fluid mosaic model describes its structure. Proteins are like icebergs in a phospholipid sea.
    • Its functions include physical isolation, sensitivity via receptors, communication, and regulating material passage.
    • Phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), and glycolipids (5-10%) comprise its lipid component.
    • Integral or transmembrane proteins and peripheral proteins are involved.
    • Glycoproteins are integral proteins with carbohydrate chains.

    Plasma Membrane Composition

    • The plasma membrane is composed of lipids and proteins.
    • Phospholipids form the majority (75%) of the membrane's lipid content.
    • Cholesterol makes up 20%, and glycolipids account for 5-10%.
    • Integral proteins traverse the membrane, while peripheral proteins are associated with the surface.
    • Glycoproteins are integral proteins with carbohydrate chains.

    Functions of Membrane Proteins

    • Membrane proteins perform crucial functions in cells.
    • Receptors bind to chemical messengers.
    • Enzymes catalyze reactions.
    • Channel proteins regulate ion passage.
    • Gated channels open and close to control ion flow.
    • Cell-identity markers distinguish cells.
    • Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) attach cells to each other.
    • Transport/carrier proteins facilitate substance movement.

    Major Types of Membrane Transport

    • Passive transport occurs down the concentration gradient, requiring no energy.
    • Active transport goes against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
    • Simple diffusion involves movement of nonpolar molecules
    • Facilitated diffusion utilizes membrane proteins to move molecules
    • Primary and secondary active transport rely on membrane proteins to move substances against gradients.

    Glycocalyx

    • It's a fuzzy, sugary coat on top of membrane proteins and lipids.
    • It protects the cell, gives it identity, and allows tissues to bind.

    Surface Extensions of Plasma Membrane

    • Microvilli increase surface area, facilitating absorption.
    • Cilia move materials over cell surfaces.
    • Flagella propel sperm cells

    Cell Junctions

    • Tight junctions prevent water and solute passage.
    • Desmosomes offer strength against stress.
    • Gap junctions allow ion and small molecule passage and electrical signaling.

    Nucleus

    • The nucleus is a large organelle, the cell's control center.
    • Its form often mirrors the cell's shape.
    • It has an envelope, pores, nucleoplasm, and chromosomes.
    • Nucleolus is within the nucleus, making ribosomes
    • Genetic material is stored.

    Cytoplasm

    • Cytosol (ICF) is the fluid component of the cytoplasm.
    • Organelles are specialized structures within the cytosol.
    • Cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and facilitates movement.
    • Inclusions are stored products or foreign materials.

    Cytosol/ICF

    • Cytosol is the fluid component of the cytoplasm.
    • Its primary components are water (75-90%), proteins (15-20% mainly enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids and ions (K+, Na+, Ca++, Cl-).

    Cytoskeleton

    • Cytoskeleton is a network of proteins in the cytoplasm.
    • It is structured as filaments and hollow tubules
    • Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments form the cytoskeleton.
    • The cytoskeleton provides support for cellular shape and movement, maintains internal organization, and is a pathway for substance movement.

    Inclusions

    • They are not essential for cell survival.
    • They consist of various stored cellular products such as pigments (melanin), fat droplets, and glycogen.
    • They also consist of foreign materials such as dust particles, viruses, and intracellular bacteria.

    Organelles

    • Organelles are categorized as membranous (with membranes) and non-membranous(no membranes).
    • Examples of membranous organelles include the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER), peroxisomes, lysosomes, and golgi apparatus.
    • Ribosomes and centrioles are nonmembranous organelles.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes in the cytoplasm.
    • Rough ER (RER) is studded with ribosomes and produces proteins.
    • Smooth ER (SER) synthesizes lipids, carbohydrates, and phospholipids, detoxifies substances, and stores calcium.

    Golgi Complex/Apparatus

    • Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of flattened sacs called cisternae.
    • It modifies, packages, and sorts materials for secretion.
    • It handles protein and lipid modifications.

    Lysosomes

    • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes
    • They defend against pathogens, break down large molecules, and recycle cellular waste.

    Peroxisomes

    • Peroxisomes contain enzymes that oxidize organic molecules.
    • They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
    • They are plentiful in liver and kidney cells.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
    • They produce ATP via aerobic respiration.

    Ribosomes

    • Ribosomes are made up of two subunits
    • They synthesize proteins according to genetic information from mRNA.
    • They can be free or fixed to the RER.

    Centrioles

    • Centrioles consist of microtubules organized in nine groups of three.
    • They form the spindle apparatus during cell division.
    • Not found in every cell type, such as red blood cells and skeletal muscle cells.

    The Cell Cycle

    • Cell cycle describes cellular growth and division phases
    • Interphase includes stages G1, S, and G2
    • Mitosis includes stages Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
    • Cytokinesis involves cytoplasmic division.

    Mitosis

    • Mitosis is a process in normal cell division.
    • It is the division of the nucleus to form two identical daughter nuclei.
    • Its four phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

    Early and Late Prophase

    • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down during early prophase
    • Late prophase involves the formation of the mitotic spindle.

    Chromosomes

    • Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and proteins (histones).
    • They consist of two chromatids held together by a centromere.
    • Each chromatid contains identical strands of DNA.

    Anatomy of Chromosomes

    • Chromosomes have a centromere, short arm, long arm, telomeres, and chromatids.

    Metaphase

    • Chromosomes line up on a central plane of the cell during metaphase.

    Anaphase

    • Sister chromatids separate into opposite poles of the cell during anaphase.

    Telophase

    • Two identical sets of chromosomes reach opposite poles in telophase
    • The nuclear envelope reforms around each set.

    Cytokinesis

    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to produce two separate daughter cells.
    • Occurs simultaneously with telophase.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis is two successive stages of nuclear division.
    • It results in the production of haploid gametes
    • Meiosis I involves pairing and crossing-over for homologous chromosomes
    • Meiosis II produces four haploid cells from two haploid parent cells.

    Aging and Cells

    • Aging involves progressive alteration of body functions.
    • Cells undergo changes in structure and function.
    • Increased vulnerability to environmental stress and disease is a characteristic of aging.
    • Cell division cessation, telomere shortening, and increased free radicals are parts of the aging process.

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