Cell Biology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nucleolus?

  • Storage of hereditary information.
  • Regulation of the cell's metabolism.
  • Packaging and distribution of proteins.
  • Assembly of ribosomes. (correct)

    • What is the main role of the plasma membrane in a cell?

  • To regulate what enters and exits the cell. (correct)
  • To facilitate the transport of organelles within the cell.
  • To provide a rigid outer structure for support.
  • To synthesize proteins.

    • Which of these is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton?

  • Cell wall (correct)
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Actin microfilaments

    • What is the primary function of the Golgi complex?

    <p>To package and distribute molecules synthesized in the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid?

    <p>A polar head and a non-polar tail. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is unique to animal cells and is NOT found in plant cells?

    <p>Centrioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

    <p>Binding cells together to form tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular structures is directly involved in the synthesis of proteins?

    <p>Ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope?

    <p>They allow the passage of proteins and RNA in and out of the nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Rough ER has embedded ribosomes, while smooth ER does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>To break down macromolecules and cell components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution?

    <p>Hypotonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process refers to the cellular uptake of particulate matter?

    <p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the endosymbiotic theory, which two organelles are believed to have originated from ancient bacteria?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an organic compound?

    <p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures is unique to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleoid region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the movement of cells by beating?

    <p>Microtubules organized into cilia or flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water allows it to absorb a large amount of heat with a minimal temperature change?

    <p>Heat storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does water become less dense when it freezes?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds hold molecules farther apart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes chromatin?

    <p>The threadlike strands of DNA when the cell is NOT dividing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is repelled by water and does not dissolve in it?

    <p>Hydrophobic molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

    <p>Carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the pH scale, what value indicates a neutral solution?

    <p>7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pili in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Aids in attaching to substrates and exchanging genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an acid on the concentration of hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in a solution?

    <p>Increases $H^+$ concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a solution is considered basic, what does this mean in terms of its pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

    <p>pH above 7 and low hydrogen ion concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of buffers in biological systems?

    <p>To maintain a constant pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organic compound is primarily known for serving as a major source of energy?

    <p>Carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nucleic acids in a cell?

    <p>Genetic material and protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cell Wall

    Rigid structure surrounding plant cells, primarily composed of cellulose, providing support and shape.

    Plasmodesmata

    Channels connecting adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and transport of substances.

    Extracellular Matrix

    Network of proteins and carbohydrates surrounding animal cells, providing structural support, adhesion, and communication.

    Diffusion

    Process of movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, driven by random motion.

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    Osmosis

    Movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.

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    Osmotic Concentration

    The total concentration of dissolved solutes in a solution.

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    Isotonic

    Solutions with equal osmotic concentrations.

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    Hypertonic

    Solutions with a higher osmotic concentration compared to another solution.

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    Hypotonic

    Solutions with a lower osmotic concentration compared to another solution.

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    Osmotic Pressure

    Pressure exerted by water molecules moving across a semi-permeable membrane due to osmosis.

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    Phagocytosis

    The process of taking in solid particles into a cell by engulfing them with the cell membrane.

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    Pinocytosis

    The process of taking in liquid into a cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane.

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    Exocytosis

    The process of releasing substances from a cell by fusing a vesicle containing the substance with the cell membrane.

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    Carbohydrates

    Complex organic compound, including sugars, starches, and cellulose, serving as a major energy source.

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    Proteins

    Large organic molecules composed of amino acids, essential for building and repairing tissues.

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    What is the cell theory?

    All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. New cells arise only from the division of previously existing cells. Cells vary in size and shapes.

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    What are the three primary requirements for all cells?

    Genetic material (DNA), cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane.

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    Why are most cells relatively small?

    As the cell size increases, the volume increases much more rapidly. This makes it difficult for the cell to transport nutrients and waste products efficiently.

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    What are the two main types of cells and how do they differ?

    Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and have a simpler internal structure, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and a more complex internal structure with membrane-bound organelles.

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    What types of organisms are prokaryotic cells found in?

    All bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells.

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    What types of organisms are eukaryotic cells found in?

    All organisms other than bacteria and archaea (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) are eukaryotic cells.

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    What is the fundamental structure of the plasma membrane?

    The phospholipid bilayer is the basic structure of the plasma membrane.

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    What are the primary functions of the plasma membrane?

    It acts as a barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. The plasma membrane also plays a role in cell signaling and communication.

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    What is the role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

    The nucleus encloses the cell's DNA and is the control center of the cell.

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    What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and what are its primary roles?

    The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of internal membranes involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid and carbohydrate synthesis (smooth ER).

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    What is the function of the Golgi complex?

    The Golgi complex is a stack of flattened membranes responsible for collecting, packaging, and distributing molecules produced by the cell.

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    What are lysosomes and what is their primary function?

    Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that break down macromolecules, worn-out cell parts, and ingested particles.

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    What is the role of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

    Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, where energy is generated through oxidative metabolism.

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    What are chloroplasts and what is their primary function?

    Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of sugars.

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    What is the cytoskeleton and what are its primary functions?

    The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support, anchors organelles, and helps organize cellular processes. It consists of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms.
    • Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
    • Cells vary in size and shape.

    Cell Requirements

    • Genetic material:
      • Prokaryotes have a single circular molecule of DNA.
      • Eukaryotes have a double helix located in the nucleus.
    • Cytoplasm: Fills the cell interior, containing sugars, amino acids, proteins, and organelles.
    • Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cell.

    Cell Size

    • Most cells are relatively small.
    • As cell size increases, volume increases more rapidly than surface area.
    • Cell size and shape are related to cell function.

    Classification of Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells:
      • Lack a nucleus and an extensive system of internal membranes.
      • All bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic.
    • Eukaryotic cells:
      • Contain a nucleus and internal membrane-bounded compartments (organelles).
      • All organisms other than bacteria and archaea are eukaryotic.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotes are the simplest cellular organisms.
    • Possess a plasma membrane surrounding the cytoplasm without interior compartments.
    • Some bacteria have additional outer layers (cell wall and capsule) to the plasma membrane.
    • The cell wall, comprised of carbohydrates, confers a rigid structure.
    • A capsule, if present, surrounds the cell wall.
    • The cytoplasm is uniform, with little to no internal framework.
    • Ribosomes (sites for protein synthesis) are scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
    • The nucleoid region contains DNA but lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus.
    • Other structures, such as flagella and pili, are sometimes found and aid in locomotion, feeding, or genetic exchange.

    Organization of a Prokaryotic Cell

    • Labelled diagram showing the internal structure of a prokaryotic cell. The diagram labels include: DNA, Nucleoid region, Ribosomes, Pill, Flagellum, Capsule, Plasma membrane, (Cell) wall and Cytoplasm

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
    • Have a plasma membrane that encloses the cytoplasm.
    • Internal membranes form compartments called organelles.
    • The cytoplasm contains a cytoskeleton (protein fibers).

    Eukaryotic Cells - continued

    • Many organelles are immediately conspicuous under the microscope.
    • Nucleus, a membrane-bounded compartment for DNA that is the 'control center' for the cell.
    • Endomembrane system, a network of internal membranes that gives rise to organelles through vesicles (such as the ER, Golgi complex, and Lysosomes) . Each compartment provides specific conditions for various cellular processes.

    Eukaryotic Cells - continued

    • Not all eukaryotic cells are alike. Some (plants, fungi, and many protists) have a cell wall beyond the plasma membrane.
    • Plants and some protists contain chloroplasts.
    • Plants have a central vacuole.
    • Only animal cells contain centrioles.

    Animal Cell

    • Labelled diagram of an animal cell with a detailed description of each organelle.

    Plant Cell

    • Labelled diagram of a plant cell with a detailed description of each organelle

    The Plasma Membrane

    • The plasma membrane is conceptualized by the fluid mosaic model.
    • A sheet of lipids with embedded proteins forms the foundation.
    • Phospholipids compose the lipid layers.
    • Each phospholipid contains a polar head and two non-polar tails.
    • The polar region is water-soluble.
    • The non-polar regions are water-insoluble.
    • A lipid bilayer is spontaneously formed in water.
    • The interior of the lipid bilayer is non-polar.
    • Cholesterol is found within the interior and affects membrane fluidity.
    • Membrane proteins include transmembrane proteins and other integrated proteins. These proteins carry out various functions, including acting as markers.

    The Nucleus

    • The nucleus is the command and control center of the cell.
    • It stores hereditary information.
    • It is bounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
    • Nuclear pores allow proteins and RNA to pass in and out.
    • Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into segments called chromosomes when dividing.
    • When not dividing, chromosomes appear as threadlike strands called chromatin.
    • Proteins enable the DNA to tightly coil and condense into chromosomes.
    • Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus, inside the nucleus.

    The Endomembrane System

    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive system of internal membranes.
    • Some membranes form channels and interconnections.
    • Other parts become isolated spaces enclosed by membranes—vesicles.
    • The rough ER is dedicated to protein synthesis. The surface of rough ER is 'pebbly' due to embedded ribosomes.
    • The smooth ER aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids.

    The Endomembrane System- continued

    • Newly made molecules in the ER are passed to the Golgi bodies. Golgi bodies are flattened stacks of membranes scattered through the cytoplasm.
    • Golgi bodies collect, package, and distribute molecules produced in the cell.
    • Collectively called the Golgi complex.

    The Endomembrane System- continued

    • The Golgi complex also produces lysosomes.
    • Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down macromolecules.
    • The body recycles worn-out cell parts.

    Organelles That Harvest Energy

    • Eukaryotic cells contain energy harvesting organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) that contain their own DNA.
    • Mitochondria are cellular powerhouses.
    • Mitochondria are sites for chemical reactions called oxidative metabolism.
    • Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes.
    • Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, surrounded by two membranes.
    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts possess their own circular DNA molecule.
    • They are totally dependent on the host cell's functions.
    • Endosymbiotic theory: these organelles were once free-living prokaryotes engulfed by the host.
    • The cytoskeleton is comprised of an internal framework of protein fibers.
    • These fibers anchor organelles, support the cell's shape, and organize components for cell functions.
    • Three types of protein fibers are intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments.
    • Centrioles are complex structures that assemble microtubules in animal cells and cells of many protists.
    • Centrioles occur in pairs near the nuclear envelope.
    • Cellular motion is associated with the movement of actin microfilaments and/or microtubules.
    • Cilia and Flagella are hairlike structures projecting from the cell. They are involved in cell movement.
    • Cilia are short, numerous, and move in coordinated sweeping motions.
    • Flagella are longer and less numerous, used for cell movement.
    • Micro tubules maintain the structure and movement of the flagella and cilia.

    Eukaryotic Cell Surfaces and Junctions

    • Cells interact with their environments and each other via cell surfaces. Plant cells have rigid cell walls primarily made of cellulose.
    • Plant cells connect by plasmodesmata. Animal cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix. Animal cells consist mostly of glycoprotein.
    • That matrix binds cells together in tissues.

    Eukaryotic Organelles and their Functions

    • Organelle functions, including categories such as Manufacture, Breakdown, and Energy processing.

    Transport of Materials

    • Passive transport: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion.
    • Active transport: Endocytosis, and Exocytosis.

    Diffusion and Osmosis

    • Movement of water and nutrients into a cell and elimination of wastes is important for survival.
    • This movement occurs by diffusion, membrane folding, and transport through membrane proteins.
    • Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Osmotic pressure—causes pressure from water movement.
    • Isotonic solutions have equal osmotic pressures. Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentrations and hypotonic solutions have lower solute concentrations.

    Chemistry of Life

    • Inorganic compounds: Water, gases, and minerals.
    • Organic compounds: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

    Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties

    • Water is essential for life.
    • Water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds.
    • Hydrogen bonds give water many special properties. These properties include heat storage, ice formation, high heat of vaporization, cohesion, adhesion and high polarity. This also covers the dissolving of salt and other ions, and how water ionizes. This section also covers pH.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of essential cell biology concepts with this quiz. Questions cover the functions and structures of various cellular components, including the nucleolus, plasma membrane, and the cytoskeleton. Perfect for beginners or those looking to refresh their understanding of cell biology.

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