Biology Chapter: Cell Functions and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant property of water that enhances its interaction with various substances?

  • Its viscosity
  • Its unique nonpolar structure
  • Its unique polar structure (correct)
  • Its capability to repel hydrophilic substances

    • Which of the following is NOT a key concept for understanding biochemical processes?

  • Water
  • Molecular biology (correct)
  • Biological membranes
  • Signal transduction

    • What type of structure do biological membranes primarily consist of?

  • Phospholipid bilayer (correct)
  • Rigid protein layer
  • Triple lipid layer
  • Single lipid layer

    • Which statement best describes biological membranes?

    <p>They act as selective physical barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows the components of living organisms to spontaneously organize into functional structures?

    <p>Self-assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial in the signal transduction process as a signaling device?

    <p>Calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding cells in the human body?

    <p>There are approximately 200 types of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do macromolecular crowding and proteostasis play in cells?

    <p>They influence cellular structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the membrane skeleton in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To provide mechanical strength and determine cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is NOT mentioned as part of the membrane skeleton?

    <p>Tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are peripheral proteins associated with the plasma membrane?

    <p>By noncovalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature characterizes the plasma membrane in animal cells?

    <p>A lipid bilayer with embedded integral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibroblasts in higher animals?

    <p>To synthesize and secrete proteins into the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is NOT common to all prokaryotes?

    <p>Membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the prokaryotic cell wall?

    <p>Support and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major component contributes to the strength of the prokaryotic cell wall?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about lipopolysaccharides is true?

    <p>They act as endotoxins released upon cell disintegration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of bacteria are endotoxins typically found?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of porins in the outer membrane of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>To transport nutrients and small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is correct?

    <p>They have no membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the thickness and composition of a prokaryotic cell wall affect its interaction with dyes?

    <p>They affect how the cell wall takes up and retains dyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Rough ER?

    <p>Protein synthesis, folding, and glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers ER stress?

    <p>Environmental factors and genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of Smooth ER?

    <p>Glycosylation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the internal space of the Endoplasmic Reticulum called?

    <p>ER lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a contributor to ER stress?

    <p>Nutritional imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress can result from the accumulation of misfolded proteins?

    <p>ER stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is specifically associated with the Rough ER over the Smooth ER?

    <p>Synthesis of membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to metabolic stress impacting the ER?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Digestion of cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a part of the nucleus?

    <p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nuclear pore complexes play?

    <p>Transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are best known for being the site of what cellular process?

    <p>Aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of mitochondria?

    <p>Contain both DNA and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs)?

    <p>Contacts between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component contained within lysosomes?

    <p>Digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following incorrectly describes the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Only has a single lipid layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a function of the nucleus?

    <p>Produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is found inside the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Basics

    • Cells can sense, respond to their environment, transform matter and energy, and reproduce.
    • Approximately 200 types of cells exist in the human body, each performing various functions while sharing fundamental characteristics.
    • All cells possess a membrane that separates them from their surroundings and are composed of similar molecular structures.

    Key Concepts in Biochemistry

    • Understanding biochemical processes in a biological context involves these key themes:
      • Water
      • Biological membranes
      • Self-assembly
      • Molecular machines
      • Macromolecular crowding
      • Proteostasis
      • Signal transduction, including calcium ions as signals and their relationship with metabolism.

    Water

    • Water has a unique polar structure and interacts with a diverse range of substances, making it essential for biological functions.

    Biological Membranes

    • Membranes are thin, flexible, stable structures that serve as selective barriers.
    • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, they contain integral and peripheral membrane proteins.

    Self-Assembly

    • Living organisms consist of supramolecular structures formed through self-assembly processes.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotes encompass bacteria and archaea, characterized by:
      • Common features: cell wall, plasma membranes, circular DNA, absence of membrane-bound organelles.

    Prokaryotic Cell Wall

    • The cell wall is a complex semi-rigid structure that provides support and protection, composed of peptidoglycan.
    • The lipid outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide, which acts as an endotoxin influencing symptoms in infections.
    • Small molecules cross the outer membrane via porins.

    Eukaryotic Cells Overview

    • The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with various integral proteins embedded, offering mechanical strength and defining cell shape through a protein meshwork known as the membrane skeleton.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • The ER consists of membranous tubules, vesicles, and flattened sacs containing the ER lumen.
    • Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, folding, and glycosylation, while Smooth ER focuses on lipid biosynthesis and calcium storage.
    • ER stress occurs from the accumulation of misfolded polypeptides due to various environmental and genetic factors.

    Lysosomes

    • Lysosomes contain acid hydrolases, enzymes responsible for degrading cellular debris and participating in autophagy.

    Nucleus

    • The nucleus is the most prominent organelle, housing hereditary information and serving as the transcription site.
    • Contains components like nucleoplasm, chromatin, nuclear matrix, nucleolus, and an envelope with nuclear pore complexes for molecular exchange.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria serve as the site for aerobic metabolism and are the principal source of cellular energy.
    • Composed of inner and outer membranes surrounding the matrix, they contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
    • They form stable contact sites with the endoplasmic reticulum, known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs).

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