Cell Biology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  • To generate energy for the cell
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To store genetic material
  • To regulate what enters and leaves the cell (correct)

What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?

  • To generate energy for the cell
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To modify and package proteins and lipids for transport (correct)
  • To break down and recycle cellular waste

What is the function of Lysosomes?

  • To synthesize proteins
  • To modify and package proteins and lipids for transport
  • To generate energy for the cell
  • To break down and recycle cellular waste (correct)

What is the function of Mitochondria?

<p>To generate energy for the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Nucleus?

<p>To regulate cell growth and reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

<p>To synthesize proteins and transport them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of the cell membrane that allows it to regulate what enters and leaves the cell?

<p>Semi-permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the mitochondria's inner membrane increase its energy-generating capacity?

<p>The folds, known as cristae, increase the surface area of the inner membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between rough and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

<p>The presence of ribosomes attached to the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus's modification and packaging of proteins and lipids?

<p>To prepare them for transport out of the cell or to other cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do peroxisomes and lysosomes differ in terms of their functions?

<p>Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and amino acids, while lysosomes break down cellular waste and foreign substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and how does their location affect their function?

<p>Ribosomes synthesize proteins, and their location in the cytoplasm or attached to ER determines their involvement in protein synthesis and transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cell Biology

  • Study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells

Cell Structure

  • Plasma membrane (cell membrane):
    • Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
    • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  • Cytoplasm:
    • Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
    • Site of many metabolic reactions
  • Nucleus:
    • Controls cell growth and reproduction
    • Contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA)

Function of Cell Membranes

  • Cell signaling:
    • Allows cells to communicate with each other
    • Important for development, growth, and response to environment
  • Cell adhesion:
    • Cells stick together to form tissues
    • Important for tissue structure and function
  • Cell membrane transport:
    • Movement of molecules in and out of the cell
    • Types: passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport

Membranous Organelles

  • Organelles: specialized structures within the cell
  • Membranous organelles: organelles surrounded by a membrane

Types of Membranous Organelles

  • Mitochondria:
    • Generate energy for the cell (ATP production)
    • Found in eukaryotic cells
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    • Involved in protein synthesis and transport
    • Two types: Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER (without ribosomes)
  • Golgi Apparatus:
    • Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport
    • Receives proteins from ER and sends to other parts of the cell
  • Lysosomes:
    • Contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste
    • Important for cellular recycling and defense against pathogens
  • Peroxisomes:
    • Involved in fatty acid breakdown and amino acid metabolism
    • Found in eukaryotic cells

Cell Structure

  • Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
  • Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where many metabolic reactions take place.
  • Nucleus controls cell growth and reproduction, and contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA).

Function of Cell Membranes

  • Cell signaling allows cells to communicate with each other and is important for development, growth, and response to environment.
  • Cell adhesion enables cells to stick together to form tissues, which is important for tissue structure and function.
  • Cell membrane transport is the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, and includes passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport.

Membranous Organelles

  • Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through ATP production and are found in eukaryotic cells.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport, and has two types: Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER (without ribosomes).
  • Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport, receiving proteins from ER and sending them to other parts of the cell.
  • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste, and are important for cellular recycling and defense against pathogens.
  • Peroxisomes are involved in fatty acid breakdown and amino acid metabolism, and are found in eukaryotic cells.

Cell Structure

  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • Consists of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

  • Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
  • Functions: regulates what enters and leaves the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier
  • Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins (integral and peripheral)

Mitochondria

  • Generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
  • Converts glucose into ATP
  • Structure: double membrane (outer and inner), inner membrane has folds (cristae) to increase surface area

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids
  • Modifies and packages proteins for transport
  • Types: Rough ER (has ribosomes attached), Smooth ER (no ribosomes)

Golgi Apparatus

  • Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport
  • Forms vesicles for transport
  • Structure: stack of flattened sacs (cisternae)

Lysosomes

  • Breaks down and recycles cellular waste and foreign substances
  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Structure: single membrane-bound sac

Ribosomes

  • Performs protein synthesis
  • Translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain
  • Structure: found in cytoplasm, either freely floating or attached to ER

Peroxisomes

  • Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids
  • Contains oxidative enzymes
  • Structure: single membrane-bound sac

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