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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
What is the function of Lysosomes?
What is the function of Lysosomes?
What is the function of Mitochondria?
What is the function of Mitochondria?
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What is the function of the Nucleus?
What is the function of the Nucleus?
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What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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What is the key characteristic of the cell membrane that allows it to regulate what enters and leaves the cell?
What is the key characteristic of the cell membrane that allows it to regulate what enters and leaves the cell?
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How does the structure of the mitochondria's inner membrane increase its energy-generating capacity?
How does the structure of the mitochondria's inner membrane increase its energy-generating capacity?
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What is the main difference between rough and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
What is the main difference between rough and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus's modification and packaging of proteins and lipids?
What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus's modification and packaging of proteins and lipids?
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How do peroxisomes and lysosomes differ in terms of their functions?
How do peroxisomes and lysosomes differ in terms of their functions?
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What is the role of ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and how does their location affect their function?
What is the role of ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and how does their location affect their function?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- Study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane (cell membrane):
- Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cytoplasm:
- Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Site of many metabolic reactions
- Nucleus:
- Controls cell growth and reproduction
- Contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA)
Function of Cell Membranes
- Cell signaling:
- Allows cells to communicate with each other
- Important for development, growth, and response to environment
- Cell adhesion:
- Cells stick together to form tissues
- Important for tissue structure and function
- Cell membrane transport:
- Movement of molecules in and out of the cell
- Types: passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport
Membranous Organelles
- Organelles: specialized structures within the cell
- Membranous organelles: organelles surrounded by a membrane
Types of Membranous Organelles
- Mitochondria:
- Generate energy for the cell (ATP production)
- Found in eukaryotic cells
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Two types: Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER (without ribosomes)
- Golgi Apparatus:
- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport
- Receives proteins from ER and sends to other parts of the cell
- Lysosomes:
- Contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste
- Important for cellular recycling and defense against pathogens
- Peroxisomes:
- Involved in fatty acid breakdown and amino acid metabolism
- Found in eukaryotic cells
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where many metabolic reactions take place.
- Nucleus controls cell growth and reproduction, and contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Function of Cell Membranes
- Cell signaling allows cells to communicate with each other and is important for development, growth, and response to environment.
- Cell adhesion enables cells to stick together to form tissues, which is important for tissue structure and function.
- Cell membrane transport is the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, and includes passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport.
Membranous Organelles
- Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through ATP production and are found in eukaryotic cells.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport, and has two types: Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER (without ribosomes).
- Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport, receiving proteins from ER and sending them to other parts of the cell.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste, and are important for cellular recycling and defense against pathogens.
- Peroxisomes are involved in fatty acid breakdown and amino acid metabolism, and are found in eukaryotic cells.
Cell Structure
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- Consists of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
- Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Functions: regulates what enters and leaves the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins (integral and peripheral)
Mitochondria
- Generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Converts glucose into ATP
- Structure: double membrane (outer and inner), inner membrane has folds (cristae) to increase surface area
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids
- Modifies and packages proteins for transport
- Types: Rough ER (has ribosomes attached), Smooth ER (no ribosomes)
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport
- Forms vesicles for transport
- Structure: stack of flattened sacs (cisternae)
Lysosomes
- Breaks down and recycles cellular waste and foreign substances
- Contains digestive enzymes
- Structure: single membrane-bound sac
Ribosomes
- Performs protein synthesis
- Translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain
- Structure: found in cytoplasm, either freely floating or attached to ER
Peroxisomes
- Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids
- Contains oxidative enzymes
- Structure: single membrane-bound sac
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Description
Learn about the basic structure and function of cells, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, as well as cell signaling and its importance in cellular processes.
