15 Questions
What are the types of extracellular signals according to the distance the signalling molecule (ligand) travels?
Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine
Which type of ligands cannot cross the plasma membrane and bind to cell surface receptors?
Hydrophilic ligands (peptides, proteins, amphiphile lipids)
Which component of signal transduction directly binds to the intracellular receptors for hydrophobic ligands?
Steroid receptor
How may the biological response of a cell emerge through signal transduction?
Switching existing proteins on/off and altering the set of proteins by the regulation of gene expression
Which molecules are considered as second messengers in signal transduction pathways?
Non-protein in nature
What is the function of Hsp90 and p23 in the context of signal transduction?
Assist in the assembly of protein complexes for signal transduction
Which type of ligands bind to cell surface receptors and cannot cross the plasma membrane?
Hydrophilic ligands
What are the possible ways in which the biological response of a cell may emerge through signal transduction?
Activation of gene expression
Which component of signal transduction is responsible for converting information to chemical processes within the cell?
Signal transducers
What is the main function of nuclear receptors in signal transduction pathways?
Regulating gene expression in response to hydrophobic ligands
Which process involves the alteration of the set of proteins by the regulation of gene expression?
Regulation of degradation
What is responsible for binding hydrophobic ligands and crossing the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular receptors?
Steroid receptor
Which type of ligands are unable to cross the plasma membrane and bind to cell surface receptors?
Peptides
What type of signals involve the travel of the signaling molecule (ligand) over a short distance to act locally?
Paracrine signals
Which component of signal transduction is responsible for converting information to chemical processes within the cell?
Signal transducers
Study Notes
Types of Extracellular Signals
- Extracellular signals can be categorized based on the distance the signaling molecule (ligand) travels, including:
- Autocrine signals: act on the same cell that produced the ligand
- Paracrine signals: act on neighboring cells
- Endocrine signals: act on distant cells or tissues
- Juxtacrine signals: act on adjacent cells, with the ligand remaining attached to the cell surface
Ligands and Receptors
- Hydrophilic ligands cannot cross the plasma membrane and bind to cell surface receptors
- Lipophilic ligands can cross the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors
- Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and p23 are components of signal transduction that directly bind to intracellular receptors for hydrophobic ligands
Signal Transduction Pathways
- Biological response of a cell emerges through signal transduction by:
- Activating or inhibiting enzymes
- Opening or closing ion channels
- Altering gene expression
- Changing the activity of transcription factors
- Second messengers in signal transduction pathways include:
- Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
- Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
- Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
- Diacylglycerol (DAG)
- Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Regulation of Gene Expression
- The process of altering the set of proteins by regulating gene expression is called epigenetic regulation
- Nuclear receptors, as a component of signal transduction, are responsible for binding to DNA and regulating gene expression in response to hydrophobic ligands
Conversion of Information
- The component of signal transduction responsible for converting information to chemical processes within the cell is the signal transduction cascade
Test your knowledge in cell biology, signal transduction, and extracellular matrix with this quiz. The quiz covers topics such as cell adhesion structures, molecular and cellular biology, and the extracellular matrix.
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