Cell Biology and Genetics Quiz

Cell Biology

• Cell Theory:

  • All living organisms are composed of cells.
  • The cell is the basic unit of life.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

• Types of Cells:

  • Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus, smaller, simpler (e.g., bacteria).
  • Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus, larger, complex (e.g., plant and animal cells).

• Cell Organelles:

  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP via respiration.
  • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) and Rough ER (protein synthesis).
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.

Genetics

• DNA Structure: Double helix formed by nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).

• Gene Expression:

  • Transcription: DNA to RNA.
  • Translation: RNA to protein.

• Mendelian Genetics:

  • Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics.
  • Genotype: Genetic constitution of an organism.
  • Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment.

Evolution

• Natural Selection: Process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

• Darwin's Theory: Variation, competition, survival of the fittest, and inheritance of favorable traits.

• Speciation: Formation of new species through evolutionary processes.

Ecology

• Ecosystems: Interactions among living organisms and their environment.

• Biogeochemical Cycles: Nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) that describe the movement of substances through living organisms and the environment.

• Trophic Levels: Energy flow through food chains: producers → primary consumers → secondary consumers → decomposers.

Human Biology

• Organ Systems:

  • Circulatory: Transports blood, nutrients, gases.
  • Respiratory: Facilitates gas exchange.
  • Digestive: Breaks down food into nutrients.
  • Nervous: Controls body functions via signals.

• Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature, pH).

Microbiology

• Bacteria: Prokaryotic microorganisms, classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and metabolism (aerobic, anaerobic).

• Viruses: Non-cellular entities that require a host cell to replicate.

• Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms, important for decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Plant Biology

• Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using chlorophyll.

• Plant Cells: Contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles.

• Growth and Development: Involves cell division, elongation, and differentiation.

Animal Behavior

• Innate Behaviors: Instinctual and genetically programmed actions.

• Learned Behaviors: Acquired through experience and interaction with the environment.

• Evolutionary Psychology: Study of how evolutionary principles influence human behavior.

These key concepts provide a foundational understanding of biology and serve as a basis for further study.

Selteorie

• Alle lewende organismes bestaan uit selle.
• Die sel is die basiese eenheid van lewe.
• Alle selle ontstaan uit reeds bestaande selle.

Soorte Selle

• Prokariotiese selle: Het nie 'n kern nie, kleiner en eenvoudiger (bv. bakterieë).
• Eukariotiese selle: Het 'n kern, groter en meer kompleks (bv. plant- en diereselle).

Selorganelle

• Kern: Bevat genetiese materiaal (DNA).
• Mitochondria: Die kragstasie van die sel, produseer ATP deur middel van respirasie.
• Ribosome: Die plek waar proteïens gesintetiseer word.
• Endoplasmiese Retikulum: Gladde ER (lipid sintetiese) en Growwe ER (proteïensintetiese).
• Golgi-apparaat: Wysig, sorteer en verpak proteïens.
• Lisosome: Bevat spysverteringsensieme.

Genetika

• DNA-struktuur: Dubbele helix gevorm deur nukleotiede (adenien, timien, sitosien, guanien).

Genetikas

• Transkripsie: DNA na RNA.
• Translasie: RNA na proteïen.

Mendeliaanse Genetika

• Allele: Verskillende vorms van 'n geen.
• Fenotipe: Waarneembare eienskappe.
• Genotype: Die genetiese samestelling van 'n organisme.
• Wette van skeiding en onafhanklike assortiment.

Evolusie

• Natuurlike seleksie: Die proses waar organismes wat beter aangepas is vir hul omgewing geneig is om te oorleef en voort te plant.

Darwin se Teorie

• Variasie, kompetisie, oorlewing van die sterkste en oorerwing van gunstige eienskappe.

Spesiasie

• Die vorming van nuwe spesies deur middel van evolusionêre prosesse.

Ekologie

• Ekosisteme: Interaksies tussen lewende organismes en hul omgewing.

Biogeochemiese Siklusse

• Voedingstofsiklusse (koolstof, stikstof, fosfor) wat die beweging van stowwe deur lewende organismes en die omgewing beskryf.

Trofiese Vlakke

• Energievloei deur voedselkettings: produsente → primêre verbruikers → sekondêre verbruikers → ontbinders.

Menslike Biologie

• Orgaanstelsels:
  • Sirkulatories: vervoer bloed, voedingstowwe en gasse.
  • Respiratoriese: vergemaklik gasuitruiling.
  • Spysverteringstelsel: breek voedsel af in voedingstowwe.
  • Senuweestelsel: beheer liggaamsfunksies via seine.

Homeostase

• Die handhawing van stabiele interne toestande (bv. temperatuur, pH).

Mikrobiologie

• Bakterieë: Prokariotiese mikro-organismes, geklassifiseer deur vorm (kokke, basille, spirilla) en metabolisme (aërobies, anaërobies).

Virus

• Nie-sellulêre entiteite wat 'n gasheersel benodig om te repliseer.

Swamme

• Eukariotiese organismes, belangrik vir ontbinding en voedingstofsiklusse.

Plantkunde

• Fotosintese: Die proses waar plante ligenergie omvorm in chemiese energie (glukose) met behulp van chlorofiel.

Plantselle

• Bevat selwande, chloroplaste en groot sentrale vakuole.

Groei en Ontwikkeling

• Behels seldeling, verlenging en differensiasie.

Diergedrag

• Aangebore gedrag: Instinktiewe en geneties geprogrammeerde aksies.

Aangeleerde gedrag

• Verwerf deur ervaring en interaksie met die omgewing.

Evolusionêre Sielkunde

• Die studie van hoe evolusionêre beginsels menslike gedrag beïnvloed.

Toets jou kennis oor selbiologie en genetika. Hierdie vrae dek die basiese beginsels van selteorie, tipes selle, organelle, sowel as die struktuur van DNA en Mendeliaanse genetika. Gaan jou begrip na van hoe lewende organismes en gene werk.