Cell Biology and Epithelial Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of collagen is primarily found in cartilage?

  • Type III collagen
  • Type IV collagen
  • Type II collagen (correct)
  • Type I collagen

    • How are osteocytes positioned within bone tissue?

  • They are in lacunae and in direct contact with each other. (correct)
  • They are scattered throughout the matrix.
  • They remain in a disorganized structure.
  • They are located in perichondrium.

    • Which of the following statements correctly describes primary/woven bone?

  • It is the primary form of bone during development and fracture repair. (correct)
  • It directly replaces secondary/lamellar bone.
  • It is organized with concentric lamellae.
  • It has a highly mineralized matrix.

    • What is a key characteristic of secondary/lamellar bone?

    <p>Has osteons with concentric lamellae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endochondral ossification involves which of the following stages?

    <p>The transformation of mesenchyme to cartilage followed by bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of glycolipids in the cell membrane?

    <p>Form the glycocalyx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is responsible for modifying and completing protein synthesis initiated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers but is essentially a single layer attached to the basement membrane?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is NOT considered a fixed connective tissue cell?

    <p>Lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intermediate filaments in cells?

    <p>Support and provide structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of connective tissue are adipocytes predominantly found?

    <p>Adipose tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily involved in anchoring cells together at zonula adherens junctions?

    <p>Cadherins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component forms the basis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissues?

    <p>Proteins and ground substance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue is specialized for distension and is commonly found in the urinary bladder?

    <p>Transitional epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages in connective tissue?

    <p>Engulf pathogens and debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage has a high concentration of elastic fibers and is flexible?

    <p>Elastic cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>Support and structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant cell type found in brown adipose tissue?

    <p>Multilocular adipocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chylomicrons in the bloodstream?

    <p>Circulate fats from the intestines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating appetite?

    <p>Ghrelin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates hyaline cartilage from elastic cartilage?

    <p>Presence of elastic fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of fibrocartilage?

    <p>Abundance of type I collagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is primarily responsible for metabolic function?

    <p>Spongy bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular function do osteocytes primarily serve?

    <p>Maintaining bone matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone helps in glucose absorption by cells?

    <p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

    <p>Fibrocartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bones?

    <p>Resorbing bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the epiphyseal growth plate during puberty?

    <p>Cartilage calcifies and stops growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the perichondrium in cartilage?

    <p>It supports cartilage growth and repair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue?

    <p>Thermoregulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes osteoblasts from osteoclasts?

    <p>Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, osteoclasts resorb bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the bone is the endosteum located?

    <p>Surrounding bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cartilage

    A type of connective tissue with chondrocytes in a specialized matrix, mainly type II collagen.

    Bone

    A type of connective tissue with osteocytes in lacunae and a mineralized extracellular matrix, mainly type I collagen.

    Primary/Woven Bone

    Immature bone that appears first during development and fracture repair; collagen fibers are not organized and it's less mineralized.

    Secondary/Lamellar Bone

    Mature bone that replaces primary bone; organized structure with osteons that contain concentric lamellae.

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    Osteogenesis

    The process of bone formation which can occur via endochondral or intramembranous methods.

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    Glycoproteins

    Carbohydrates attached to proteins on the plasma membrane.

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    Glycolipids

    Lipids attached to carbohydrates on the plasma membrane.

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    Glycocalyx

    A protective cell coat formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids.

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    Mitochondria

    Organelles that generate energy, absent in RBCs and keratinocytes.

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    ERAD

    Mechanism to target and degrade misfolded proteins in the ER.

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    Golgi apparatus

    Organelles that modify, sort, and ship proteins from the ER.

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    Intermediate filaments

    Support structures in cells, made of various proteins like keratin.

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    Nuclear envelope

    Double membrane surrounding the nucleus with pores for transport.

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    Tight junctions

    Most apical junctions that prevent leakage between cells.

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    Simple squamous epithelium

    Thin layer of flat cells, forms internal linings like blood vessels.

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    Adipocytes

    Fat cells that store energy, exist as white or brown fat.

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    Diapedesis

    The process of WBCs leaving the bloodstream to enter tissues.

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    Collagen fibers

    Strong, flexible fibers providing structure in connective tissue.

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    Connective tissue proper

    Tissue that holds other tissues together, can be loose or dense.

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    Serous secretion

    A type of secretion that is watery and clear, like saliva.

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    Chylomicrons

    Circulating fats from intestines transported to bloodstream.

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    VLDLs

    Very Low-Density Lipoproteins produced in the liver.

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    Lipase

    Enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids.

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    Ghrelin

    Hormone that stimulates appetite and increases food intake.

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    Peptide YY

    Hormone that suppresses appetite and reduces food intake.

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    Leptin

    Hormone that signals the body it has enough fat stored.

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    Chondroblasts

    Cells that begin to produce extracellular matrix in cartilage.

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    Avascular

    Describes cartilage as having no blood vessels.

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    Hyaline cartilage

    A type of cartilage with a homogenous matrix, mostly type II collagen.

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    Perichondrium

    Dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage, aiding growth and repair.

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    Osteoblasts

    Bone-forming cells responsible for secreting bone matrix.

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    Osteocytes

    Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix and communicate with other cells.

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    Osteoclasts

    Cells that resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.

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    Periosteum

    Outer layer of bone that provides cellular components for healing.

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    Study Notes

    Cells

    • Glycoproteins and glycolipids form glycocalyx.
    • Lipids form lipid rafts.
    • Mitochondria are present in all cells except red blood cells and terminal keratinocytes.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein degradation.
    • Golgi apparatus modifies and completes protein synthesis.
    • Microtubules guide vesicle movement, form near the nucleus, and extend.
    • Actin filaments are involved in cell processes, movement, and anchorage.
    • Intermediate filaments provide support and structure.
    • Keratin is found in epithelial cells.
    • Vimentin is found in mesoderm-derived cells.
    • Neurofilaments are found in neurons.
    • Lamins are found in the nucleus of cells.
    • The nucleus is enclosed by an envelope with a perinuclear space.
    • Nuclear pores regulate transport.
    • Chromatin is chromosomal material.
    • The nucleolus is the site of rRNA synthesis.
    • Nucleoplasm is material inside the nucleus.

    Epithelial

    • Avascular.
    • High capacity for renewal.
    • Two types: covering (e.g., skin, gut) and glandular (e.g., glands).
    • Papillae are evaginations in the connective tissue.
    • Lamina propria binds epithelium to underlying connective tissue (contains type IV collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans).
    • Basement membrane forms from basal and reticular lamina.
    • Intercellular junctions include tight junctions (zonula occludens), zonula adherens, desmosomes (macula adherens), hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions.
    • Cadherins anchor cells together to suppress epithelial tumors.
    • Integrins interact with basal lamina (laminin and type IV collagen) and extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue.
    • Gap junctions form diffusion channels between adjacent cells.
    • Cilia move mucus and other substances.
    • Microvilli increase surface area.
    • Stereocilia are long microvilli found in specific locations.

    Connective Tissue

    • Connects tissues.
    • No free surface.
    • Has nerve supply (except cartilage).
    • Highly vascular (except cartilage).
    • Provides support, surrounds, and connects tissues.
    • Forms the framework of the body.
    • Defends against invasion.
    • Protects delicate organs.
    • Transports.
    • All connective tissue develops from mesenchyme.
    • ECM consists of protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and ground substance (filler).
    • Fixed cells include fibroblasts/fibrocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes.
    • Wandering cells include macrophages, mast cells, and plasma cells.
    • Adipose tissue (fat) includes white (unilocular) and brown (multilocular) adipocytes.
    • White fat stores energy; brown fat produces heat.

    Cartilage

    • Apert's syndrome: Adjacent bones fuse.
    • Chondroblasts produce extracellular matrix (ECM); chondrocytes reside in lacunae.
    • Cartilage is avascular and has no nerves or lymphatic vessels.
    • Perichondrium surrounds cartilage, except fibrocartilage and articular cartilage
    • Types include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
    • Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and forms parts like tracheal rings and articular surfaces.
    • Elastic cartilage is found in structures where flexibility is needed
    • Fibrocartilage is found in structures with high stress (e.g., intervertebral discs).

    Bone

    • Osteoblasts form bone tissue; osteocytes reside in lacunae.
    • Bone matrix (ECM) is calcified, composed of type I collagen, and provides structural support.
    • Bone functions include support, protection, mineral homeostasis, and hematopoiesis.
    • Compact (cortical) and spongy (cancellous/trabecular) bone are the two main types.
    • Bone remodeling involves resorption and formation of bone tissue (osteoclasts and osteoblasts).
    • Periosteum covers the outer surface of bone; endosteum lines the inner surface.

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