Cell Biology and Communication
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing cellulose in plant cells?

  • Amylase
  • Lignase
  • Cellulose synthase (correct)
  • Pectinase

Which cellular motors move along actin microfilaments?

  • Dyneins
  • Kinesins
  • Turbulins
  • Myosins (correct)

What is the nuclear remnant found in complex plastids of certain algae called?

  • Chromoplast
  • Plastoglobule
  • Nucleomorph (correct)
  • Kleptoplast

What type of membranes do plastids of the Apicomplexa group have?

<p>3 membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the flap between the flagellum and the cell, characteristic of some parasitic flagellates?

<p>Undulating membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the growth of the primary cell wall through deposition of material among existing wall material?

<p>Intussusception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components of the cytoskeleton are polarized?

<p>Microtubules and actin microfilaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which pole of the Golgi apparatus do vesicles originating from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse?

<p>Cis pole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the molecules called that facilitate communication between the cells of microorganisms?

<p>Quorum-sensing molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a general virulence factor?

<p>Nutrient assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a biofilm in terms of cellular structure?

<p>A three-dimensional structure covered with extracellular matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shapes is not typical for bacteria?

<p>Ribosomal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate if a cell is described as unipotent?

<p>It can only differentiate into one specific cell type (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is cell differentiation in multicellular organisms coordinated with signals from other cells?

<p>Yes, cells must respond to signals from their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To transport sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions across the cell membrane using ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a cell during the process of differentiation?

<p>It changes its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell retains its nucleus throughout its life?

<p>Neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the plastid that differentiates in the leaves of angiosperms growing in darkness?

<p>Etioplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are primarily responsible for the targeted transport of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Microtubules and microfilaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon illustrates the production of numerous second messengers following the binding of one ligand molecule in cellular signaling pathways?

<p>Amplification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What qualitative difference in response to acetylcholine is observed between skeletal muscle cells and cardiomyocytes?

<p>Different types of acetylcholine receptors are present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Quorum-Sensing Molecules

Molecules secreted by microorganisms to communicate with each other and coordinate activities.

Biofilm

A three-dimensional structure formed by microorganisms that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. The matrix protects the community and helps them thrive.

Differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell develops into a more specialized cell type. It involves changes in gene expression and cellular function.

Unipotent

A cell that can differentiate into only one specific cell type. For example, red blood cells are unipotent, they only produce more red blood cells.

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Neurotransmitter

The chemical substance released at a synapse (junction between neurons) to transmit signals between neurons.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

A type of organelle within cells that is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins. It's particularly well-developed in neurons.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump)

A pump embedded in the cell membrane that uses energy (ATP) to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This maintains the cell's electrical potential and allows for nerve impulses.

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Red Blood Cells

The cells that are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

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What is the role of Microtubules in Mitosis?

Microtubule-based structures that play a crucial role in cell division. During mitosis, they are responsible for the separation and movement of chromosomes, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material.

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What happens to the nuclear envelope during mitosis?

During mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing microtubules to attach to the chromosomes and facilitate their movement.

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Name two types of cytoskeletal elements.

Actin microfilaments and microtubules are two essential components of the cell's cytoskeleton.

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Undulating membrane

A specialized plasma membrane flap found in certain parasitic flagellates, like Trypanosoma, that extends from the base of the flagellum and helps the parasite move.

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Karyomastigont

A cytoskeletal structure found in Archamoebae, consisting of microtubules surrounding the nucleus and connected to the basal body of the flagellum.

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What is a direct form of cell communication?

Cells can communicate directly with each other by exchanging small molecules. This type of communication is often used for signaling between neighboring cells.

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What is the principle of signal amplification in cell signaling?

The binding of a single signaling molecule can trigger the production of many second messenger molecules, amplifying the original signal. This allows cells to respond effectively to even weak stimuli.

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Nucleomorph

A remnant of the nucleus from the engulfed alga that evolved into a complex plastid in some algae.

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Myosins

The cellular motors that move along actin microfilaments. They are responsible for a variety of cellular processes, such as muscle contraction and cell division.

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Glyoxysomes

Organelles found in plants and fungi that play a crucial role in converting fatty acids into glucose precursors during seed germination.

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Selectively permeable membrane

Membranes are selectively permeable, meaning they control which substances can pass through them.

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Cis pole of the Golgi apparatus

The side of the Golgi apparatus where vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse. It is the receiving end for incoming cargo.

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t-SNARE and v-SNARE

Proteins that ensure correct vesicle fusion in cells. They act as docking points to ensure accurate transport and delivery of cellular cargo.

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Study Notes

Cellular Communication and Virulence Factors

  • Microorganisms communicate via quorum-sensing molecules
  • General virulence factors do not include interaction between cells

Bacterial Morphology

  • Bacteria can be round, spiral, branched, or rod-shaped
  • Some bacteria do not have rod shape

Cell Fate and Unipotency

  • Unipotent cells differentiate into only one cell type
  • It means if a cell can only differentiate into one type of cell

Multicellular Coordination

  • Differentiation in multicellular organisms is coordinated with other cells
  • It also happens independently during embryogenesis

Nervous Tissue Signal Transmission

  • Neurotransmitters mediate signal transmission in nervous tissue
  • They are released from the synapse

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in enzymatic degradation
  • It is not absent in all differentiated cells

Red Blood Cells

  • Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • They have a short lifespan and are highly metabolically active

Apicomplexan Parasites

  • Apicomplexan parasites contain a non-photosynthetic plastid named apicomplex
  • It is not photosynthetic

Microtubules

  • The microtubule system surrounding the nucleus in Archamoebae is referred to as Karyomastigont

Chloroplast Remnants

  • A remnant of the nucleus is called a nucleomorph in complex plastids of certain algae

Plastid Types

  • Plastids having stolen chloroplast are called kleptoplasts
  • Apicomplexa group plastids have three membranes

Cell Wall Synthesis

  • Cellulose synthase is an enzyme complex that synthesizes cellulose in plant cells

Cellular Motors

  • Myosins and Kinesins (cellular motors) move along actin microfilaments

Glyoxysomes

  • Glyoxysomes are microbodies that participate in converting fatty acids into glucose
  • They do not contain enzymes for beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Secondary Lysosomes

  • Secondary lysosomes are formed by the fusion of vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • These vesicles carry hydrolytic enzymes from primary lysosomes and late endosomes

Cellular Structures and Functions

  • Membranes are selectively permeable
  • Transporters mediate the transport of substances

Cell Cycle Phases

  • Cell cycle phases include G1, S, G2, and M phases
  • Cells also have G0 phase
  • Specific cell types have different phases in the cell cycle

Cell Differentiation

  • Differentiation involves expression of mRNA encoded by different genes
  • It does not influence DNA content nor cause mutations

Cellular Organization

  • The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in retrograde vesicular transport of material
  • From the Golgi apparatus
  • Plant cells also have a secondary cell wall

Cell Types

  • Adult human red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape
  • Their shape changes according to the substances inside

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Description

This quiz covers key topics in cell biology, including cellular communication mechanisms, bacterial morphology, and the role of various tissues in signal transmission. Explore concepts like unipotency and the endoplasmic reticulum's functions. Test your knowledge on the intricate relationships between cells and their environment.

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