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Questions and Answers
Prokaryotes are more complex than eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes are more complex than eukaryotes.
False (B)
All cells contain a plasma membrane.
All cells contain a plasma membrane.
True (A)
Steroids can cross the cell membrane on their own.
Steroids can cross the cell membrane on their own.
True (A)
Glucose can cross the cell membrane on its own.
Glucose can cross the cell membrane on its own.
The cell membrane is composed of a single layer of phospholipids.
The cell membrane is composed of a single layer of phospholipids.
Ribosomes are found only in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes are found only in eukaryotic cells.
DNA is responsible for synthesizing functional proteins.
DNA is responsible for synthesizing functional proteins.
The cell membrane is a rigid structure.
The cell membrane is a rigid structure.
In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, 3 ATP and 1 NADH are generated.
In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, 3 ATP and 1 NADH are generated.
NAD+ is required for the electron transport chain to occur.
NAD+ is required for the electron transport chain to occur.
Pyruvate always enters the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration.
Pyruvate always enters the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration.
The overall reaction of cellular respiration generates oxygen.
The overall reaction of cellular respiration generates oxygen.
Glycolysis generates NAD+ as a byproduct.
Glycolysis generates NAD+ as a byproduct.
The electron transport chain occurs in the glycolysis phase of cellular respiration.
The electron transport chain occurs in the glycolysis phase of cellular respiration.
Electrical signals can pass through the membrane without any membrane proteins.
Electrical signals can pass through the membrane without any membrane proteins.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy from ATP.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy from ATP.
Active transport moves substances down their concentration gradient.
Active transport moves substances down their concentration gradient.
Primary active transport uses energy from an established electrochemical gradient.
Primary active transport uses energy from an established electrochemical gradient.
Allowing passage of ions and small molecules to flow directly from one cell to another is an example of facilitated diffusion.
Allowing passage of ions and small molecules to flow directly from one cell to another is an example of facilitated diffusion.
Secondary active transport uses ATP directly to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Secondary active transport uses ATP directly to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Sister chromatids are two duplicated chromatids that are completely different from one another.
Sister chromatids are two duplicated chromatids that are completely different from one another.
Centromere is the region where two non-identical chromatids are connected.
Centromere is the region where two non-identical chromatids are connected.
Spindle fibers attach directly to chromosomes during cell division.
Spindle fibers attach directly to chromosomes during cell division.
Haploid human cells have 46 total chromosomes.
Haploid human cells have 46 total chromosomes.
Diploid cells have only one set of chromosomes.
Diploid cells have only one set of chromosomes.
Plant cells have centrosomes as their Microtubule Organizing Centers.
Plant cells have centrosomes as their Microtubule Organizing Centers.
Drugs that disrupt microtubule formation or breakdown will stimulate cell division.
Drugs that disrupt microtubule formation or breakdown will stimulate cell division.
Centrosomes are composed of 3 centrioles perpendicular to each other.
Centrosomes are composed of 3 centrioles perpendicular to each other.
Adhesion and cohesion are two separate biological processes.
Adhesion and cohesion are two separate biological processes.
Carbohydrates are formed through peptide bonds.
Carbohydrates are formed through peptide bonds.
Vitamins are classified as macromolecules.
Vitamins are classified as macromolecules.
Fat-soluble vitamins can be excreted in urine.
Fat-soluble vitamins can be excreted in urine.
Minerals are organic molecules.
Minerals are organic molecules.
Vitamin K is involved in visual pigment maintenance.
Vitamin K is involved in visual pigment maintenance.
Water-soluble vitamins can lead to toxicity if consumed in excess.
Water-soluble vitamins can lead to toxicity if consumed in excess.
Carbohydrates function in bone development.
Carbohydrates function in bone development.
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Study Notes
Adhesion and Cohesion
- Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow without external forces, such as against gravity, allowing water to flow upward through plants during transpiration.
Micromolecules
- Essential nutrients are those that the body cannot produce in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from the diet.
- Minerals are inorganic ions, such as calcium and potassium, found intracellularly and extracellularly.
- Vitamins are organic micromolecules classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble.
- Fat-soluble vitamins:
- Excess is deposited in body fat.
- Overconsumption can lead to toxicity.
- Vitamin A: visual pigment and epithelial maintenance.
- Vitamin D: regulates calcium levels by promoting absorption from the intestine.
- Vitamin E: antioxidant (neutralizes free radicals).
- Vitamin K: important for blood clotting.
- Water-soluble vitamins:
- Excess is not stored in the body and is excreted in urine.
- Examples include vitamins C and B.
Cell Structure and Function
- Plasma membrane: a selective barrier that separates and protects cell contents from the outer environment.
- DNA: the source of genetic information.
- Ribosomes: synthesize functional proteins from DNA.
- Two cell types exist: prokaryotes (less complex; no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) and eukaryotes (more complex, with a nucleus and organelles).
Cell Membrane and Permeability
- Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer that allows passage of ions and small molecules.
- Facilitated diffusion: substances move passively down their concentration gradient with the assistance of membrane proteins.
- Active transport: movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and transport proteins.
- Primary active transport: ATP is directly used to move substances against the concentration gradient.
- Secondary active transport: energy from an established electrochemical gradient is used to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Cellular Respiration
- Overall reaction of cellular respiration:
- Following glycolysis, pyruvate has two possible paths:
- Respiratory path: oxygen is present, and pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
- Non-respiratory path: oxygen is absent.
Chromosomes and Cell Division
- Sister chromatids: two duplicated chromatids that are completely identical to one another, connected at the centromere to form an X-shaped chromosome.
- Centromere: the region where two sister chromatids are connected; kinetochores attach here.
- Centrosomes: Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs) of animal cells, composed of two centrioles perpendicular to each other.
- Spindle fibers: microtubules that emerge from the centrosome, allowing chromosomes and chromatids to be separated during specific phases of cell division.
- Haploid cells: have a single set of chromosomes (n=23 in humans).
- Diploid cells: have two sets of chromosomes (2n), with one set from the mother and one set from the father, resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes in humans.
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