10 Questions
What are the major molecules found in the ECM?
Collagen, fibronectin, and integrins
What are CAMs?
Proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions
Which type of junction forms a barrier between cells?
Tight junctions
What are the receptor classes involved in cell signaling?
G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-coupled receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels
What are second messengers?
Small molecules generated by enzymatic activity downstream of a receptor
What is the main function of the Golgi complex?
Protein modification and sorting
How are lysosomal proteins targeted to lysosomes?
Via a specific C terminus sequence of amino acids
What is the specific targeting sequence required to target proteins to peroxisomes?
Peroxisomal targeting sequence
How are newly synthesized proteins sorted to their correct subcellular locations?
Via a specific C terminus sequence of amino acids
What is the function of smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis and modification
Study Notes
- The ECM provides physical support, cell signaling, barrier function, and maintains homeostasis.
- Major ECM molecules include collagen, fibronectin, integrins, laminins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.
- Diseases associated with defective ECM or cell-environment interactions include hemophilia and epidermolysis bullosa.
- CAMs are proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, including cadherins, integrins, selectins, IgSF CAMs, and proteoglycans.
- Dysfunction of CAMs can lead to diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and developmental abnormalities.
- Different types of cell-matrix and cell-cell junctions include tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes.
- Tight junctions form a barrier between cells, while gap junctions allow for the exchange of molecules.
- Adherens junctions link cells through cadherin proteins and the actin cytoskeleton.
- Desmosomes link cells through cadherin proteins and intermediate filaments.
- Hemidesmosomes link cells to the ECM through integrin proteins.
- Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions provide anchorage and stability for cells.
- Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling involve the secretion of signaling molecules that bind to receptors on nearby or distant cells.
- Receptors, major signaling pathways, effectors, and signal transduction are involved in cell signaling.
- Molecules that signal through receptors include hormones, growth factors, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and second messengers.
- G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, contact-mediated receptors, and intracellular receptors are receptor classes.
- Second messengers are small molecules generated by enzymatic activity downstream of a receptor and act by binding to and activating downstream effectors.
- Signal amplification and termination involve mechanisms such as receptor desensitization and the action of phosphatases.
- Kinase-mediated signaling pathways involve the activation of kinases, which phosphorylate target proteins.
- Signal convergence refers to the convergence of multiple signaling pathways onto a common downstream target, while crosstalk refers to the interaction between two or more signaling pathways.
- Insulin signaling involves a receptor with an alpha chain that binds to insulin, a beta chain with a TK domain, and downstream components such as PKB and Ras GTP.
- Kinase signaling cascade activation involves GrB2, Sos, and Ras.
- Steroid hormones have receptors inside the cell and influence transcription directly.
- Apoptosis involves caspases targeting kinases, lamins, proteins of the cytoskeleton, and caspase activated DNase.
- Vesicle transport includes constitutive and regulated secretion, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Lysosomal proteins are tagged with mannose 6 phosphate and transported via clathrin-coated vesicles.
- Differential sorting of newly synthesized proteins requires sorting signals to target proteins to their correct subcellular locations.
- Peroxisomal targeting sequence is required to target proteins to peroxisomes.
- Proteins are targeted to mitochondria via a signal of non-consecutive Arg and Lys.
- Smooth ER synthesizes hormones, detoxifies, and sequesters calcium.
- ER-bound ribosomes translate mRNA via a signal recognition particle and translocon pore.
- The text mentions amino acids Ser and Thr being rich in a certain context.
- The nucleus has 5 basic amino acids and 2 small clusters of basic amino acids.
- Peroxisomes have a specific C terminus sequence of amino acids.
- Chapter 8 Part 3 is referenced.
- Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that add sugar groups.
- The Golgi complex has primary functions that need to be described.
- Coated vesicles have different types, assembly, and functions in transport.
- Lysosomal enzymes have a specific targeting mechanism.
- Vesicles have a specific targeting mechanism to reach compartments within the cell.
- The text mentions key facts related to cell biology and biochemistry.
Test your knowledge on cell biology and biochemistry with this quiz! From the extracellular matrix to cell signaling pathways, this quiz covers various topics in cellular biology. You'll learn about the different types of cell-matrix and cell-cell junctions, as well as the functions of the Golgi complex and lysosomal enzymes. Additionally, you'll discover the role of amino acids in various cellular processes, such as the targeting of proteins to specific organelles. So, put your knowledge to the test and
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