Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of desmosomes?
What is the primary function of desmosomes?
Which type of cell junction is responsible for attachment of actin filaments into the basal lamina?
Which type of cell junction is responsible for attachment of actin filaments into the basal lamina?
What is the primary function of gap junctions?
What is the primary function of gap junctions?
What is the characteristic of microvilli?
What is the characteristic of microvilli?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of stereocilia?
What is the primary function of stereocilia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of cilia?
What is the characteristic of cilia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of primary cilia?
What is the function of primary cilia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of Polycystin 1 and 2?
What is the function of Polycystin 1 and 2?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of dynein in cilia and flagella?
What is the main function of dynein in cilia and flagella?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cadherins?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cadherins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of selectins?
What is the primary function of selectins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the syndrome caused by immotile cilia due to mutations in dynein arms?
What is the name of the syndrome caused by immotile cilia due to mutations in dynein arms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the protein complex that establishes weak intercellular connections?
What is the name of the protein complex that establishes weak intercellular connections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a Ca+2 independent cellular adhesion molecule?
Which of the following is an example of a Ca+2 independent cellular adhesion molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the disease caused by autoimmune reactions against desmoglein?
What is the name of the disease caused by autoimmune reactions against desmoglein?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a function of integrins?
Which of the following is a function of integrins?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fibers are present in the tunica adventitia?
What type of fibers are present in the tunica adventitia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of connective tissue is present in the visceral layer of the pericardium?
What type of connective tissue is present in the visceral layer of the pericardium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the valves in the heart?
What is the function of the valves in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pathway of the impulse-conducting system in the heart?
What is the pathway of the impulse-conducting system in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscle cells are present in the myocardium?
What type of muscle cells are present in the myocardium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the fibrous network in the heart?
What is the function of the fibrous network in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of the lymphatic vessels?
What is a characteristic of the lymphatic vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the acidic environment created by osteoclasts?
What is the purpose of the acidic environment created by osteoclasts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone inhibits bone reabsorption?
Which hormone inhibits bone reabsorption?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of gap junctions in osteocytes?
What is the role of gap junctions in osteocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of osteoprotegerin (OPG) produced by osteoblasts?
What is the function of osteoprotegerin (OPG) produced by osteoblasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the site of secretion of acids and hydrolases in osteoclasts?
What is the site of secretion of acids and hydrolases in osteoclasts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following hormones does not have receptors on osteoclasts?
Which of the following hormones does not have receptors on osteoclasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of osteocalcin produced by osteocytes?
What is the role of osteocalcin produced by osteocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of eosinophilic cationic protein in relation to parasites?
What is the function of eosinophilic cationic protein in relation to parasites?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of histamine released by basophils?
What is the function of histamine released by basophils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of granule is found in basophils?
Which type of granule is found in basophils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of monocytes in the immune system?
What is the function of monocytes in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of alpha granules in platelets?
What is the function of alpha granules in platelets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immune cell is involved in the phagocytosis of foreign particles?
Which type of immune cell is involved in the phagocytosis of foreign particles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of apocrine glands?
What is the characteristic of apocrine glands?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of tight junctions?
What is the function of tight junctions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of gland that is classified as a simple tubular branched gland?
What is the type of gland that is classified as a simple tubular branched gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of laminin in basement membranes?
What is the function of laminin in basement membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of holocrine glands?
What is the characteristic of holocrine glands?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of protein involved in tight junctions?
What is the type of protein involved in tight junctions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of gland that is classified as a compound tubular gland?
What is the type of gland that is classified as a compound tubular gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of tunica media in muscular arteries?
What is a characteristic of tunica media in muscular arteries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the component of basement membranes that is responsible for cell adhesion and signal transduction?
What is the component of basement membranes that is responsible for cell adhesion and signal transduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following compounds undergoes transcytosis in ECs?
Which of the following compounds undergoes transcytosis in ECs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is unique about the structure of elastic arteries?
What is unique about the structure of elastic arteries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between muscular arteries and arterioles?
What is the main difference between muscular arteries and arterioles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of vessel is typically found branching to form networks of capillaries?
Which type of vessel is typically found branching to form networks of capillaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of eosinophilic cationic protein in relation to parasites?
What is the function of eosinophilic cationic protein in relation to parasites?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of venules?
What is a characteristic of venules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of vessel has a thicker tunica adventitia compared to the media?
Which type of vessel has a thicker tunica adventitia compared to the media?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of granules are found in basophils?
What type of granules are found in basophils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is unique about the structure of elastic arteries compared to muscular arteries?
What is unique about the structure of elastic arteries compared to muscular arteries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of monocytes in the immune system?
What is the function of monocytes in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of alpha granules in platelets?
What is the function of alpha granules in platelets?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of histamine released by basophils?
What is the function of histamine released by basophils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immune cell is involved in the phagocytosis of foreign particles?
Which type of immune cell is involved in the phagocytosis of foreign particles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of blood in the body?
What is the primary function of blood in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of plasma in blood?
What is the composition of plasma in blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is anemia characterized by?
What is anemia characterized by?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the function of neutrophils in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the disease caused by a point mutation in hemoglobin?
What is the name of the disease caused by a point mutation in hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of the buffy coat in blood?
What is the composition of the buffy coat in blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of erythrocytes?
What is the characteristic of erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fibers are present in the tunica adventitia?
What type of fibers are present in the tunica adventitia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the valves in the heart?
What is the function of the valves in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pathway of the impulse-conducting system in the heart?
What is the pathway of the impulse-conducting system in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscle cells are present in the myocardium?
What type of muscle cells are present in the myocardium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the flow of lymph?
What is the characteristic of the flow of lymph?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the fibrous network in the heart?
What is the function of the fibrous network in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint has a thick pad of fibrocartilage?
What type of joint has a thick pad of fibrocartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
What is the function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of collagen found in hyaline cartilage?
What is the type of collagen found in hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the anulus fibrosus in intervertebral discs?
What is the function of the anulus fibrosus in intervertebral discs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genetic defect that leads to achondroplasia?
What is the genetic defect that leads to achondroplasia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of connective tissue that is avascular and has a firmer ECM than loose connective tissue?
What is the type of connective tissue that is avascular and has a firmer ECM than loose connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of type A synovial cells in the joint capsule?
What is the function of type A synovial cells in the joint capsule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of cartilage that has elastic fibers in its matrix?
What is the type of cartilage that has elastic fibers in its matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of active fibroblasts?
What is a characteristic of active fibroblasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of fibronectin in ECM?
What is the function of fibronectin in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of entactin/nidogen in ECM?
What is the function of entactin/nidogen in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of tenascin in ECM?
What is the function of tenascin in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of macrophages in the immune system?
What is the function of macrophages in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophages?
What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of histiocytes?
What is the characteristic of histiocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of laminin in ECM?
What is the function of laminin in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage?
What is the main difference between hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
What is the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of fibrocartilage?
What is the characteristic of fibrocartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium?
What is the function of the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main component of the hypolemmal cisternae in neurons?
What is the main component of the hypolemmal cisternae in neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of neurons?
What is the characteristic of neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the perikaryon in a neuron?
What is the function of the perikaryon in a neuron?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the type of collagen found in the outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium?
What is the type of collagen found in the outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of desmosomes in relation to cells?
What is the main function of desmosomes in relation to cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary component of the ground substance in ECM?
What is the primary component of the ground substance in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of fibronectin in ECM?
What is the function of fibronectin in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of loose connective tissue?
What is the main function of loose connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of GAG is the most ubiquitous?
Which type of GAG is the most ubiquitous?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of proteoglycans in ECM?
What is the function of proteoglycans in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of adipose tissue?
What is the main function of adipose tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of perlecan in ECM?
What is the function of perlecan in ECM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of myeloperoxidase in neutrophils?
What is the primary function of myeloperoxidase in neutrophils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of granule in neutrophils contains lactoferrin?
Which type of granule in neutrophils contains lactoferrin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the acidification of phagosomes in neutrophils?
What is the purpose of the acidification of phagosomes in neutrophils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of eosinophil peroxidase?
What is the function of eosinophil peroxidase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compartment of neutrophils is responsible for the storage of granules?
Which compartment of neutrophils is responsible for the storage of granules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of cathelicidin in neutrophils?
What is the function of cathelicidin in neutrophils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of defensins in neutrophils?
What is the role of defensins in neutrophils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of granule in neutrophils contains lysozyme?
Which type of granule in neutrophils contains lysozyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cell Adhesion and Junctions
- Desmosomes: provide strong intermediate filaments between adjacent cells, strengthening tissue, and contain cadherins.
- Hemidesmosomes: connect cells to basement membrane, anchoring intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton into the basement membrane, commonly found in epidermis, vagina, cervix, and cardiac muscle tissue.
- Focal adhesions: form a structural link between the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion molecules (integrins, talin, vinculin, and focal adhesion kinase), responsible for attaching actin filaments to the basal lamina.
- Gap junctions: formed by connexons, connect two cells, allowing for electronic and metabolic coupling, found in epithelia, cardiac muscle, hepatocytes, osteocytes, odontoblasts, and granulosa cells.
Cell Surface Structures
- Microvilli: specialized for absorption, covered in glycocalyx, and found in intestinal brush borders.
- Stereocilia: found in epithelial cells of the male reproductive system, non-motile, with a core of actin filaments, important for ear sensory cells, and composed of fimbrin, villin, and espin.
- Cilia: have a core of 9 microtubule doublets around two central microtubules (9+2), motile, and found in respiratory epithelium, oviduct, and uterine epithelium.
- Axoneme: consists of a microtubule cytoskeleton, main extracellular part of cilia and flagella, and moves due to ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by dynein.
Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
- Transmembrane proteins, classified into Ca+2 dependent and Ca+2 independent types.
- Ca+2 dependent:
- Cadherins: bind to similar proteins of the same tissue and with cytoskeleton filaments.
- Selectins: form weak intercellular connections, binding to specific oligosaccharide groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
- Integrins: glycoproteins that function as membrane receptors for ECM macromolecules, enabling cell aggregation and migration.
- Ca+2 independent:
- Immunoglobulins (e.g., IgSF, ICAMs, NCAMs, E-CAMs, VCAMs), and Nectins, which establish weak hemophilic and heterophilic interactions.
Bone Cells
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells housed in lacunae, contact each other via gap junctions, secrete sclerostin, IGF-1, and osteocalcin, and are nourished by nutrients diffusing from loose CT.
- Osteoclasts: derived from bone marrow cells, localized in Howship's lacunae, specialized macrophages that perform bone resorption by creating an acidic environment and secreting proteolytic enzymes.
- Osteoblasts: produce M-CSF, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin, which regulate osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.
Immune Cells
- Basophils: involved in allergic reactions, do not phagocytose, mediate hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions, and bind IgE via high-affinity FCER1 receptors.
- Lymphocytes: agranulocytes, consisting of B and T cells, which are categorized into primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Monocytes (Macrophages): contain azurophilic granules, have a high capacity for phagocytosis, belong to APCs, and secrete cytokines and biologically active compounds involved in inflammatory reactions.
Platelets and Blood Vessels
- Platelets (Thrombocytes): fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm, important for stopping leaks in vessels (haemostasis), with alpha granules containing PDGF, PF4, fibrinogen, and plasminogen, and delta granules containing ADP, ATP, serotonin, and histamine.
- Arteriovenous shunt: a wide direct communication between artery and vein.
- Portal system: two capillary beds connected by a vein.
- Lymphatic vessels: conduct immune cells and lymph to lymph nodes, remove excess fluid, and transport chylomicrons, not found in CNS, cartilage, or bone.
Heart
- Valves: flaps of connective tissue anchored in the heart's dense fibrous skeleton.
- Layers of heart's wall: endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
- Impulse-conducting system: generated in the sinoatrial node, transmitted to the atrioventricular node, and then to the Purkinje fibers.
Glands Classification
- Apocrine glands: secrete by apical portion of cytoplasm into a duct (e.g., mammary gland, lipid vacuoles)
- Holocrine glands: secrete by shedding entire cells from the lining of the duct (e.g., sebaceous glands)
- Simple glands:
- Simple tubular gland (e.g., interstitial glands of Lieberkühn)
- Simple coiled tubular gland (e.g., sweat gland)
- Simple tubular branched gland (e.g., glands of stomach and uterus)
- Simple acinar/alveolar gland (e.g., sebaceous glands of skin)
- Compound glands:
- Compound tubular gland (e.g., glands of oral cavity)
- Compound acinar/alveolar gland (e.g., exocrine pancreas)
- Compound tubuloacinar gland (e.g., mammary gland)
Basement Membranes
- Semipermeable filter formed of glycoproteins and other components
- Two parts: basal lamina and reticular lamina (III collagen) bound to basal lamina by type IV collagen
- Components: type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen, and perlecan
Cell Junctions
- Tight Junctions (Zonulae Occludens):
- Present in apical part of cells
- Prevent free passage of substances between lumen of natural tract and basolateral intercellular space
- Proteins involved: occludins, claudins, JAMs (Junctional Adhesion Molecule), and Zonula Occludens proteins
- Anchoring Junctions (Adherens Junction):
- Strong cellular adhesion and strength to tissues and strong cell-to-cell adhesion
- 3 forms:
- Zonula adherens
- Focal adhesions
- Hemidesmosomes
Vessels
- Elastic Artery (Aorta):
- Helps to reduce changes in blood pressure
- Has small vessels (vasa vasorum) and nerves in tunica adventitia and media
- Elastic membranes/Fenestrated membranes are in tunica media
- Tunica intima: endothelium with basal lamina, subendothelial connective tissues + smooth muscle, and internal elastic membrane
- Tunica media (thickest layer): multiple layers of fenestrated elastic lamellae, smooth muscle fibers
- Tunica adventitia: connective tissue, vasa vasorum + nerves
- Muscular Artery:
- Tunica intima: endothelium + basal lamina, thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue, and internal elastic membrane
- Tunica media (thickest layer): many smooth muscle layers, less elastic material
- Tunica adventitia: connective tissue, thinner than media, vasa vasorum, maybe present
- Arterioles:
- Subendothelial layer is very thin
- Elastic laminae are absent
- Tunica media: circularly arranged in 1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells
- Tunica adventitia: very thin, almost always branches to form networks of capillaries
Blood
- Functions of Blood:
- Delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells
- Transport of wastes and CO2 away from cells
- Delivery of hormones to and from cells and tissues
- Maintenance of homeostasis by acting as a buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
- Transport of humoral agents and cells of immune system that protects the body from pathogenic agents, foreign proteins, and transformed cells
- Composition of Blood:
- Plasma:
- Water (92%)
- Proteins (7%): albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins
- Other (1%)
- Buffy Coat:
- Platelets
- Leukocytes: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
- Erythrocytes: anucleated and practically contain any organelles
- Plasma:
Blood Cells
- Anemia: concentration of erythrocytes or Hb below normal range (unable to receive adequate O2)
- Erythrocytosis: increased concentration of erythrocytes in blood
- Neutrophils:
- Function: to destroy invading microorganisms by phagocytosis and by secreting proteases and mediators of inflammation
- Cytoplasmatic granules
- Basophils:
- Involved in allergic reactions
- They do not phagocytose
- Mediate hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reaction
- Bind IgE via high-affinity FCER1 receptors
- Lymphocytes:
- Agranulocytes
- 2 categories: B lymphocytes (CD4, helper), T lymphocytes (CD8, cytotoxic)
- Primary lymphoid organs: bone marrow and thymus
- Secondary lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid aggregates of G1 and RT
- Monocytes (Macrophages):
- Contain azurophilic granules
- Very high capacity to phagocytosis
- Belong to Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
- After 1-3 days, leave blood and become tissue macrophages
- After activation, secrete tens of cytokines and biologically active compounds involved in the inflammatory reaction
- Platelets (Thrombocytes):
- Fragments of megakaryocytes cytoplasm
- Important role in stopping leaks in vessels (haemostasis)
- Alpha granules contain: PDGF, PF4, fibrinogen, plasminogen
- Delta granules contain: ADP, ATP, serotonin, histamine
Types of Joints
- Synostoses: no movement, found in adults, example - skull bones
- Syndesmoses: joins bones with dense connective tissue, example - interosseous ligament
- Symphyses: thick pad of fibrocartilage, all symphyses occur in midline of body, examples - intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
- Diarthroses: free bone movement, examples - elbow and knee joints, characterized by a capsule enclosing a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Cartilage
- Cartilage is an avascular specialized fibrous connective tissue with a firmer ECM than that of CT proper
- Functions: supports soft tissues, develops and grows long bones
- Types of cartilage:
- Hyaline cartilage: type II collagen, example - trachea and bronchi
- Elastic cartilage: type II collagen and elastic fibers, example - epiglottis and cuneiform cartilage in larynx
- Fibrocartilage: type I and II collagen, example - intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
Chondrocytes
- Mature cartilage cells that are embedded within lacunae
- Derived from mesenchymal chondrogenic cells and chondrogenic cells within the inner layer of perichondrium
Connective Tissue
- Functions: supports other tissues and organs, acts as a medium for exchange of nutrients, protects against infectious agents, repairs damaged tissues, and stores fat (adipose tissue), Ca+2 (bone), and water (loose connective tissue)
- Types of connective tissue:
- Embryonic connective tissue
- Connective tissue proper
- Specialized connective tissue
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- Ground substance:
- Components:
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): made of uronic acid and hexosamine, resistant to compression
- Proteoglycans (PGs): macromolecules with a protein core and GAGs attached
- Adhesive glycoproteins: bind to components of ECM and to receptors of cell surface
- Components:
- Fibers:
- Collagen: type I, II, and III
- Elastic fibers
Fibroblasts
- Function: produces and secretes collagen, plays an important role in wound repair
- Types:
- Active fibroblast: basophilic, has well-developed RER and Golgi, relaxed chromatin, and many cell projections
- Inactive fibroblast (fibrocyte): acidophilic, has a small amount of RER and Golgi, condensed chromatin, and few cell projections
Macrophages
- Functions: phagocytosis, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, secretion of cytokines
- Types:
- M1: promotes inflammation, destruction of ECM, and apoptosis
- M2: anti-inflammatory, promotes rebuilding of ECM, proliferation, and angiogenesis
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Learn about different types of cell adhesions and junctions, including desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and focal adhesions, and their roles in strengthening tissues and connecting cells to the basement membrane.