Cell Accumulation Quiz: Pathology Overview
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Cell Accumulation Quiz: Pathology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which type of substances can accumulate within cells?

  • Only proteins
  • Only carbohydrates
  • Only lipids
  • Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates (correct)
  • What is a primary reason for abnormal intracellular accumulation?

  • Normal cellular activity
  • Increased rate of waste production
  • Inadequate metabolic removal (correct)
  • Increased enzymatic degradation
  • Which condition can lead to fatty liver as an abnormal intracellular accumulation?

  • Defective lysosomal function
  • Excessive carbohydrate intake
  • Inability to degrade proteins
  • Increased production of fatty acids with insufficient removal (correct)
  • What can result from deficiencies in critical enzymes related to intracellular accumulations?

    <p>Storage diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when cells cannot degrade phagocytosed particles?

    <p>Accumulation of exogenous substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes abnormal metabolism as a pathway of intracellular accumulation?

    <p>Normal synthesis with inadequate removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intracellular accumulation includes pigments?

    <p>Normal and abnormal substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the cell can accumulations commonly occur?

    <p>In lysosomes or cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gross morphology of a fatty liver typically observed as when severely affected?

    <p>Enlarged, yellow, and greasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are small, fatty, cytoplasmic droplets or large vacuoles indicative of in liver tissue?

    <p>Lipid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with the accumulation of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nucleus of liver cells when fat vacuoles are present?

    <p>It is displaced to the periphery of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular component is cholesterol primarily used for synthesis?

    <p>Cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to distinguish lipid accumulation from water or glycogen in tissue?

    <p>Oil Red-O staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells may become overloaded with lipids during pathologic processes?

    <p>Phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual characteristic do atherosclerotic plaques have due to lipid vacuoles?

    <p>Yellow color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fatty change refer to?

    <p>Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of fatty liver?

    <p>Alcohol abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT directly associated with fatty liver?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does NOT contribute to the formation of fatty liver?

    <p>Increased catabolism of triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty change may lead to irreversible cell injury primarily due to which of the following reasons?

    <p>Severe and prolonged fatty change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient's storage in the liver is associated with glycogen storage diseases?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical outcome of chronic fatty change in the liver?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a consequence of impaired lipoprotein secretion from the liver?

    <p>Reduced levels of cholesterol in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intracellular Accumulations

    • Cells may accumulate abnormal substances, which can be harmless or lead to varying degrees of injury.
    • Substances can accumulate in the cytoplasm, within organelles (especially lysosomes), or in the nucleus.
    • Substances can be synthesized by the affected cells or produced elsewhere.

    Types of Intracellular Accumulations

    • Normal cellular constituents:
      • Lipids (e.g., triglycerides)
      • Proteins
      • Carbohydrates
    • Abnormal substances:
      • Exogenous (from outside the body)
      • Endogenous (from inside the body)
    • Pigments:
      • Exogenous
      • Endogenous

    Pathways of Abnormal Intracellular Accumulation

    • Abnormal metabolism:
      • Normal substance is produced at a normal or increased rate, but the metabolic rate is inadequate to remove it (e.g., fatty change in the liver).
    • Alterations in protein folding and transport:
      • Normal or abnormal substance accumulates due to genetic or acquired defects in folding, packaging, transport, or secretion (e.g., α1-antitrypsin deficiency).
    • Deficiency of critical enzymes:
      • Inherited enzyme defect leads to failure to degrade a metabolite, causing storage diseases.
    • Inability to degrade phagocytosed particles:
      • Abnormal exogenous substances accumulate because the cell lacks the enzymes to degrade them or the ability to transport them to other sites (e.g., carbon or silica particles).

    Specific Intracellular Accumulations

    • Hydropic change (Water accumulation):
      • Often occurs in response to cell injury
    • Fatty change (Steatosis):
      • Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.
      • Caused by an imbalance between uptake, utilization, and secretion of fat.
      • Commonly seen in the liver, but can also occur in the heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, and other organs.
      • Can be mild and reversible or severe and irreversible, leading to cell death.
      • Common causes include:
        • Alcohol consumption
        • Diabetes
        • Obesity
        • Toxins
    • Proteins:
      • Abnormal protein accumulation is often irreversible.
    • Glycogen:
      • Glycogen storage diseases are caused by enzyme deficiencies.
    • Complex carbohydrates:
      • Mucopolysaccharidoses and other complex carbohydrate diseases.
    • Minerals:
      • Iron as hemosiderin
      • Carbon as anthracotic pigment
    • Pigments:
      • Exogenous (e.g., carbon)
      • Endogenous (e.g., melanin, lipofuscin)
    • Calcium:
      • Can be deposited in tissues, causing calcification.
    • Amyloid:
      • Abnormal protein deposits that can accumulate in various tissues.

    Fatty Liver

    • Most common cause: Alcohol abuse
    • Mechanisms:
      • Excessive entry of free fatty acids into the liver
      • Enhanced fatty acid synthesis
      • Decreased catabolism of triglycerides
      • Increased esterification of fatty acids to triglycerides
      • Decreased apoprotein synthesis
      • Impaired lipoprotein secretion from the liver

    Morphology of Fatty Liver

    • Grossly:
      • Enlarged, yellow, and/or greasy (depending on severity)
    • Microscopically:
      • Fat is seen as small droplets or large vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
      • Vacuoles displace the nucleus to the periphery of the cell.
      • Vacuoles appear clear with well-defined edges.

    Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters

    • Cholesterol:
      • Used for cell membrane synthesis.
    • Accumulation:
      • Can occur in macrophages (foam cells) and foreign body giant cells in various pathologic conditions.
      • Accumulation is manifested as intracellular vacuoles.
    • Conditions associated with cholesterol and cholesterol ester accumulation:
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Acquired and hereditary hyperlipidemia
      • Inflammation and necrosis

    Atherosclerosis

    • Smooth muscle cells and macrophages:
      • Filled with lipid vacuoles containing cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in the arterial walls.
    • Pathogenesis:
      • Contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaques.
      • Give the plaques their characteristic yellow color.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on intracellular accumulations in cells. This quiz covers various types of abnormalities, their origins, and implications on cell health and function. Dive into concepts involving normal constituents, abnormal substances, and metabolic pathways.

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