CEH Certification Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is required in order to apply for the ANSI-accredited CEH certification?

  • Two years of related work experience (correct)
  • Three years of relevant work experience
  • Completion of a related degree
  • A letter of recommendation

    • What is the cost of a Pearson VUE exam voucher for the CEH certification?

  • $1,050
  • $1,199 (correct)
  • $1,500
  • $950

    • Which of the following statements about the application process for CEH certification is true?

  • An application fee is waived for everyone
  • You need a background check to apply
  • The application is valid for three months (correct)
  • The application remains valid indefinitely

    • What does EC-Council stand for?

    <p>International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary motivation behind the establishment of the EC-Council?

    <p>To combat cyber attacks following 9/11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fee must applicants pay to apply for CEH certification?

    <p>A non-refundable application fee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many countries does the EC-Council operate in?

    <p>145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for obtaining an EC-Council voucher?

    <p>Having a bachelor's degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ethical hacking?

    <p>To test systems in order to improve security posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is often used interchangeably with ethical hacking?

    <p>Penetration testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding data breaches since 2005?

    <p>At least 10 million records have been compromised annually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method organizations can use to improve their defenses against attacks?

    <p>Testing attacks against their own infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes red teaming?

    <p>An adversarial penetration test of an organization's defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens when ethical hackers perform their work?

    <p>They are often contracted by organizations to improve security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant concern regarding the total value of stolen data?

    <p>There has been minimal accounting of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one misconception about ethical hacking?

    <p>It involves malicious activities similar to hacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infiltrations are often attributed to social engineering attacks?

    <p>80 to 90 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following services may provide usernames when queried correctly?

    <p>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective during the scanning and enumeration phase?

    <p>To gain access through exposed network services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocols can provide shared directory information on Windows servers?

    <p>Server Message Block (SMB) and Common Internet File System (CIFS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT commonly documented when identifying services on available hosts?

    <p>Logins used during service access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical information can scanning reveal about services running on a host?

    <p>Software and details related to the service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to track single hosts among various networks?

    <p>They may house sensitive data or services that are entry points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data might social engineering attacks exploit?

    <p>Personal information of employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of Data Link layer protocols?

    <p>Formatting data to be sent on the transmission medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a Physical layer protocol?

    <p>1000BaseT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer does the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol primarily operate at?

    <p>Session layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is associated with mapping protocols to the OSI model?

    <p>Confusion about how protocols correlate with layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to ARP, what role does it serve between the Data Link layer and another layer?

    <p>It bridges Layer 2 and Layer 3 addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the OSI layers beneficial when diagnosing network issues?

    <p>It enables isolation of functionality related to specific layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about routers is true?

    <p>Routing is a Layer 3 function usually found in routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of the TCP/IP architecture development?

    <p>It evolved quickly beyond its original connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of reconnaissance in ethical hacking?

    <p>To gather detailed information about the target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a red teamer approach testing compared to a traditional tester?

    <p>They think like an attacker to avoid detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a code of conduct for Certified Ethical Hackers (CEH)?

    <p>To ensure ethical behavior in their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does footprinting primarily involve in ethical hacking?

    <p>Determining the size and appearance of the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for performing reconnaissance?

    <p>To conduct a direct attack on the target system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect makes ethical hacking testing particularly challenging?

    <p>It requires thinking like an attacker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical hacking methodologies, what is essential for repeatability and verification?

    <p>Following a structured methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can businesses achieve by utilizing information from each stage of ethical hacking?

    <p>Strengthen their security posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the IP identification field in a packet?

    <p>To identify fragments of the same packet that share the same identification number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a SQL injection attack?

    <p>An attack that uses altered SQL queries to manipulate application flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason malware is difficult to acquire through the Apple App Store and Google Play Store?

    <p>Apps undergo a vetting process before being approved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DHCP in a network?

    <p>To assign IP configurations to endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heap spraying work in the context of cyber attacks?

    <p>By injecting code into running applications via the heap memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the subnet mask for a /21 network?

    <p>255.255.248.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes a worm from a virus in malware terms?

    <p>Worms can self-propagate without user action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the least effective ways to introduce malware onto a mobile device?

    <p>By using external storage options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a worm?

    <p>It can self-propagate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula correctly calculates risk?

    <p>Probability * loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an evil twin attack primarily work?

    <p>Spoofing an SSID.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution is used to remove malware from the network before reaching an endpoint?

    <p>Unified threat management appliances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What encoding type has been applied to the string '%3Cscript%3Ealert(‘wubble’);%3C/script%3E'?

    <p>URL encoding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of records would you retrieve with the command 'dig ns domain.com'?

    <p>Name server records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function specified by NIST’s cybersecurity framework?

    <p>Identify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of a security policy?

    <p>To set high-level guidelines on security practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command 'tcpdump -i eth2 host 192.168.10.5' capture?

    <p>Traffic to and from 192.168.10.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Diffie-Hellman?

    <p>Key exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle makes social engineering attacks noticeable through the perceived authority of the attacker?

    <p>Authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is authentication performed using SNMPv1?

    <p>Community string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ARP response generated without a prior ARP request known as?

    <p>Gratuitous ARP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason to exploit a local vulnerability?

    <p>Privilege escalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of the security triad does the Biba security model primarily concern?

    <p>Integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bluesnarfing considered more dangerous than bluejacking?

    <p>Bluesnarfing installs keyloggers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is risk defined in the context of loss events?

    <p>The probability of an event multiplied by the dollar value of loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the nature of an evil twin attack?

    <p>It employs an access point that mimics a legitimate wireless network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a Unified Threat Management appliance serve?

    <p>It combines multiple security features including antivirus and firewalls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encoding method is specifically designed for rendering non-printable characters in text?

    <p>Base64 encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are MX records used for in a domain's DNS settings?

    <p>To identify mail exchanger servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a DNS query?

    <p>To convert URLs into IP addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is seeking direct policy guidance ineffective when developing security procedures?

    <p>Procedures are meant for operational direction, not policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a cryptographic hash from encryption?

    <p>Encryption converts readable data into a format that is difficult to decipher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be disclosed when you identify issues while engaging a client's services?

    <p>Potential conflicts of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a responsible disclosure of vulnerabilities be carried out?

    <p>Through collaboration with relevant vendors and CERTs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ethical approach when unintentional damage occurs during testing?

    <p>Ensure it is communicated and agreed upon with the company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key element is vital to protect while performing ethical hacking tasks?

    <p>Client’s or company's equipment and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of responsible disclosure?

    <p>To ensure that vulnerabilities are addressed before being made public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT allowed under the code of ethics for ethical hackers?

    <p>Using equipment for personal projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a vulnerability impacts a large number of people across the Internet?

    <p>Work with vendors and CERTs to address it responsibly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of actions are ethical hackers strictly prohibited from engaging in?

    <p>Engaging in illegal activities and past convictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for certified ethical hackers to understand ethics?

    <p>To behave ethically when accessing sensitive information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of ethical hacking is emphasized by the phrasing 'ethical hacking' rather than 'hacking ethically'?

    <p>The primary focus on ethics in hacking activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical requirement when ethical hackers are entrusted with sensitive information?

    <p>They are required to keep the information private.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a poor understanding of ethics impact a certified ethical hacker's career?

    <p>It could compromise the confidentiality of sensitive information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the code of ethics for certified ethical hackers primarily focus on?

    <p>Safeguarding clients' and employers' sensitive information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of failing to protect sensitive information as an ethical hacker?

    <p>Violation of the code of ethics and potential legal repercussions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What overarching reason is given for understanding the context behind ethical hacking examinations?

    <p>It provides insight into the intentions of the certification process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of ethics in hacking differ among individuals?

    <p>There can be varying perspectives on what is ethical and unethical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes black hat hackers from white hat hackers?

    <p>Black hat hackers operate outside the law, while white hat hackers do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hacker operates in the ethical gray area?

    <p>Gray hat hackers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to ensure ethical hacking actions are considered legitimate?

    <p>Documenting the scope of activities in writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially happen when ethical hackers go outside the defined scope of their work?

    <p>Their actions could be deemed unethical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many devices were believed to be compromised by the Mirai botnet?

    <p>Between 100,000 and 1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the media typically portray cyber attacks?

    <p>Reporting incidents involving large-scale data thefts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of gray hat hackers?

    <p>They sometimes operate outside legal boundaries for good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically not shown in media reports about cyber crime?

    <p>The number of infected personal devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter primarily addresses security testing and vulnerabilities?

    <p>Chapter 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary action to take before checking in on the day of the exam?

    <p>Show two valid, unexpired forms of ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which objective maps to the topic of ethics in the context of systems and security?

    <p>1.6 Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which objective covers procedures and methodology?

    <p>2.5 Procedures/methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapters would you consult for background information?

    <p>Chapters 2, 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter addresses mitigation strategies?

    <p>Chapter 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must one of the two forms of ID include when checking in for the exam?

    <p>A photo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Objective 2.6?

    <p>Regulation/policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary objectives of reconnaissance in ethical hacking?

    <p>To understand the scope of the endeavor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does footprinting primarily involve in the context of ethical hacking?

    <p>Determining the appearance and size of the target organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately represents the role of red teamers?

    <p>They mimic attackers to evaluate security effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the methodology of ethical hacking benefit organizations?

    <p>It provides a consistent and verifiable approach to security assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for professionals who obtain the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification?

    <p>They must agree to a code of conduct governing their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge faced by individuals performing ethical hacking?

    <p>Adopting the mindset of an attacker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of a SQL injection attack is critical for its execution?

    <p>The use of SQL queries to manipulate database operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is involved in the reconnaissance phase of ethical hacking?

    <p>Collecting information from social media about employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the use of third-party app stores a notable security concern?

    <p>They do not typically vet submitted apps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the methodology of ethical hacking particularly essential?

    <p>It ensures actions are repeatable and verifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DHCP function within a network?

    <p>To provide IP configuration to endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a worm from a virus in malware propagation?

    <p>Worms self-propagate without user action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of heap spraying in a cyber attack?

    <p>To inject attack code into allocated memory spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subnet mask corresponds to a /20 network?

    <p>255.255.240.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason that malware is difficult to obtain through official app stores?

    <p>There is a thorough vetting process for apps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do Layer 2 addresses serve in a network?

    <p>They identify the network interface for communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protocols operates at the Data Link layer?

    <p>Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Physical layer protocol is known for handling the transmission of data at 1000 Mbps?

    <p>1000BaseT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge associated with the OSI model in networking?

    <p>Some protocols operate between the defined layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol's operation layer?

    <p>It primarily resides at the Session layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a router's functionality encompass in relation to the OSI model?

    <p>It includes both Layer 2 and Layer 3 functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does understanding the OSI model enable for network diagnostics?

    <p>It assists in isolating problems by layer functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines the role of VLANs in a network?

    <p>They combine multiple physical networks into one virtual network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when logs are wiped on a Windows system?

    <p>A log entry is created showing the logs have been wiped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to adhere to a code of ethics in ethical hacking?

    <p>To ensure all actions are legal and harmless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in understanding network functionalities?

    <p>Conceptual understanding of communications protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in the process of covering tracks during ethical hacking?

    <p>Preventing any log entries from being created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is commonly used to describe communications protocols?

    <p>Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of failing to adhere to ethical standards in ethical hacking?

    <p>Legal repercussions and loss of certification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason understanding network topologies is important in ethical hacking?

    <p>To better understand potential attack vectors and defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might wiping logs be interpreted by an observer?

    <p>As a sign of malicious intent requiring further investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental component of the Triad in security fundamentals?

    <p>Confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which network type connects all nodes through a central hub?

    <p>Star Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical hacking, what does 'covering tracks' primarily refer to?

    <p>Log file manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a denial of service attack?

    <p>Frequent ping requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)?

    <p>Sending and receiving emails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In malware analysis, what technique is used to evaluate malware's behavior during execution?

    <p>Dynamic Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a vulnerability scan?

    <p>Identifying security weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of social engineering attack involves manipulation through impersonation?

    <p>Pretexting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Packet Capture process?

    <p>Analyzing network traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes SQL Injection?

    <p>An attack that alters the SQL queries of a database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cryptographic technique uses the same key for both encryption and decryption?

    <p>Symmetric Key Cryptography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic that differentiates a trojan from a virus?

    <p>Trojan disguises itself as legitimate software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In security architecture, which model primarily focuses on ensuring confidentiality of information?

    <p>Bell-LaPadula Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of passive reconnaissance?

    <p>Querying DNS records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a zone transfer in DNS?

    <p>To get all the contents of a DNS zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a DNS amplification attack?

    <p>A small DNS query resulting in a much larger response sent to a target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ICMP play in network diagnostics?

    <p>It is used to send error messages and operational information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT included in the NIST cybersecurity framework?

    <p>Audit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge of using Python for malware development?

    <p>You may require a Python interpreter to run scripts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange?

    <p>To allow parties to derive the same key for encryption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a tunneling attack?

    <p>Sending commands via a hidden protocol within another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of imitating someone relates to social engineering?

    <p>Using trust to manipulate individuals into giving access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol replaced the initial 1822 protocol in the development of network communications?

    <p>Network Control Program (NCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the primary difference between the OSI model and TCP/IP architecture?

    <p>TCP/IP architecture is simpler and consists of four layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the TCP/IP model, which layers are combined from the OSI model?

    <p>Session, Presentation, and Application layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the TCP/IP architecture in relation to the OSI model?

    <p>It is an as-built definition unlike the conceptual nature of OSI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what year was the Network Control Program (NCP) completely replaced by TCP/IP?

    <p>1983</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is common in both the OSI model and TCP/IP architecture?

    <p>Transport Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally distinguishes the TCP/IP architecture design from the OSI model?

    <p>TCP/IP has fewer layers and is more straightforward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of protocol design, how are the OSI model and TCP/IP architecture similar?

    <p>They include similar names for certain layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with unauthorized copying of a publication?

    <p>Loss of revenue for the publisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the limit of liability disclaimer indicate about the content of the work?

    <p>Professional assistance may be needed for specific advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is likely a consequence of not obtaining permission for publication reproduction?

    <p>Potential legal ramifications for copyright violation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the advice and strategies in this work not be suitable for every situation?

    <p>They are context-specific and situation-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary concern is associated with the completeness of the contents of a publication?

    <p>Lack of comprehensive coverage of a subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ISBN listed for a publication?

    <p>To provide a unique identifier for the book</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Permissions Department play in relation to publication rights?

    <p>To grant or deny requests for reproducing content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a reason for a publisher to deny reproduction requests?

    <p>To maintain control over intellectual property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of establishing the OSI model?

    <p>To define a set of standards for communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers are there in the OSI model?

    <p>Seven layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for user interaction?

    <p>Application Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mnemonic helps in remembering the order of the OSI model from bottom to top?

    <p>Please Do Not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern was raised regarding the OSI model after it was published?

    <p>Its complexity and potential for implementation issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do professionals typically reference functionalities of the OSI model?

    <p>By the layer number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as you move from the Physical layer to the Application layer in the OSI model?

    <p>User interaction increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conceptual advantage does the OSI model provide?

    <p>It clarifies interface points for easier interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethical hacking primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>To imitate malicious attacks for stronger defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is red teaming commonly considered to be?

    <p>An adversarial penetration testing approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the frequency of data breaches reported since 2005?

    <p>There has been at least one significant breach every year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ethical hacking contribute to software testing?

    <p>By identifying bugs that could lead to exploits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception exists about the role of ethical hackers?

    <p>Their primary goal is to steal data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical for ethical hacking methodologies?

    <p>Repeatability and verification of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant trend regarding data records has been observed in the United States?

    <p>Every adult has likely had their data compromised multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential strategy for businesses to enhance their defenses against cyber attacks?

    <p>Regularly testing their infrastructure against simulated attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary expectation when identifying issues during service engagement?

    <p>To disclose identified issues to the engaged parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a responsible manner of disclosing vulnerabilities?

    <p>Working with involved vendors before public disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should an individual ensure when facing unexpected service outages during testing?

    <p>Keeping communication open with the right parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is strictly prohibited under ethical guidelines?

    <p>Misusing equipment provided by the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an unethical approach to handling vulnerabilities?

    <p>Publicly disclosing sensitive information without notice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions aligns with ethical practices in cybersecurity?

    <p>Obtaining explicit consent for any security assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is clear communication vital during testing phases?

    <p>It ensures all stakeholders are aware of potential risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor to consider regarding conflicts of interest?

    <p>They must be disclosed to the involved parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary expectation of individuals holding a CEH certification?

    <p>To adhere to a strict code of conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which module would NOT typically be included in CEH v10 training?

    <p>Software Development Life Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant component of the CEH exam's subject matter?

    <p>Technical knowledge and hands-on experience with tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool would likely be used during the scanning phase of ethical hacking?

    <p>nmap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'Vulnerability Analysis' module in CEH training?

    <p>Assessing systems to identify security weaknesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the 'Social Engineering' module in CEH v10 training?

    <p>Human psychology and behavior exploitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which module includes techniques to compromise web applications?

    <p>SQL Injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the CEH exam, what is the significance of knowing various tools?

    <p>It is necessary for applying knowledge in real-world scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application fee for the CEH certification if EC-Council training has not been completed?

    <p>$100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum work experience required to apply for CEH certification?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the application for CEH certification valid after submission?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a requirement to obtain an EC-Council voucher?

    <p>EC-Council training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In how many countries does the EC-Council operate?

    <p>145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern that led to the establishment of the EC-Council?

    <p>Cyber terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial focus of the founder Jay Bavisi when creating the EC-Council?

    <p>Protection against digital threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the change in tactics required for security testing today?

    <p>Evolving understanding of organized adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of attacks today are often attributed to social engineering tactics?

    <p>80-90 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for gaining hands-on experience when preparing for the CEH certification?

    <p>Using tools in various operating systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ethics a significant consideration in the field of security testing and ethical hacking?

    <p>It is essential to protect oneself and clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge modern networks face according to the discussed security approaches?

    <p>They often face attacks from internal threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of attackers has changed, necessitating different security testing tactics?

    <p>Their overall level of organization and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the current trend regarding security testing techniques?

    <p>They incorporate broader strategies including social engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a misconception about security vulnerabilities in networks?

    <p>Defense in depth approaches prevent all internal attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which objective focuses on the analysis and audits related to systems?

    <p>1.2 Systems analysis and audits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chapters does NOT address security testing and vulnerabilities?

    <p>Chapter 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required in terms of identification when checking in for an exam?

    <p>Two valid, unexpired forms of personal ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter primarily covers the ethics involved in ethical hacking?

    <p>Chapter 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which objective addresses the development of policies and regulations in ethical hacking?

    <p>2.6 Regulation/policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT covered under the objective of Security testing and vulnerabilities?

    <p>Chapter 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an objective map in the context of ethical hacking?

    <p>To list the chapters where each objective is covered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for arriving at the test center on the exam day?

    <p>Check in at least 30 minutes before the exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to maintain access to a compromised system?

    <p>Using a rootkit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can impact the success of re-compromising a system after initial access is lost?

    <p>Fixing of vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used for covering tracks after gaining access to a system?

    <p>Using malware to misreport system information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might maintaining access require the installation of additional software?

    <p>To provide a means for re-accessing the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason that makes maintaining access particularly challenging?

    <p>System updates affecting exploit techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of covering tracks inadequately?

    <p>Creation of evidence against the hacker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason that a successfully compromised system might become difficult to access again?

    <p>Implementation of new user permissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can complicate the process of maintaining access on different operating systems?

    <p>Diverse security features across versions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary goal of ethical hacking?

    <p>To identify and mitigate security risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding social engineering?

    <p>It exclusively uses online tactics to exploit targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Denial of Service (DoS) attack?

    <p>An attack that prevents legitimate users from accessing a network service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Parkerian Hexad in security frameworks?

    <p>It emphasizes six essential elements of security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of firewalls in network security?

    <p>To filter incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the term 'Privilege Escalation'?

    <p>Gaining elevated access rights to systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cryptography, what does 'asymmetric encryption' refer to?

    <p>Employing different keys for encryption and decryption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attack uses DNS spoofing?

    <p>Redirecting users to a malicious website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the CIA triad?

    <p>Authenticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of malware is intended to provide unauthorized access for its creator?

    <p>Trojan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly employed in physical social engineering attacks?

    <p>Pretexting through impersonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Defense in Depth' refer to?

    <p>Implementing multiple layers of security controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a vulnerability scanning tool?

    <p>Nessus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    CEH Certification

    • CEH certification is ANSI-certified, with previous versions existing before accreditation.
    • Individuals with earlier CEH certifications can still take the ANSI-accredited exam.
    • Minimum two years related work experience required.
    • Non-refundable $100 application fee for those meeting experience requirements.
    • EC-Council training completion required; fee included for trainees.
    • Application validity: three months.
    • EC-Council's code of conduct emphasizes ethical behavior for CEH-certified professionals.
    • The CEH exam tests technical knowledge and adheres to a code of conduct.
    • CEH certification holders must remain discreet and ethical in their activities.

    Exam Cost

    • Pearson VUE exam voucher required; cost: $1,199.
    • EC-Council voucher available for $950, if EC-Council training and Certificate of Attendance are provided.

    EC-Council Overview

    • EC-Council (International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants) was founded after the 9/11 attacks.
    • Founder Jay Bavisi recognized the potential for digital threats beyond the physical world.
    • The Internet’s low entry barriers encourage criminal activity, such as data theft and ransom.
    • EC-Council is a major global certifying body, active in 145 countries, certifying over 200,000 individuals.
    • Provides multiple IT certifications, including the CEH.

    SQL Injection Attacks

    • SQL injection exploits SQL queries to alter application logic.
    • Attacks aim to force SQL queries to always return True, often by manipulating existing queries.

    Mobile Malware

    • Apple App Store and Google Play Store vet apps, hindering malware installation.
    • External Android storage is not a reliable malware infection vector.
    • Jailbreaking can potentially allow malware intrusion but isn't the primary method.
    • Third-party app stores pose a greater risk due to varying vetting standards.

    Network Protocols

    • DHCP assigns IP configurations to endpoints.
    • DNS translates hostnames to IP addresses (and vice-versa).
    • RARP maps MAC addresses to IP addresses.
    • ARP translates IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network communication.
    • IP addresses are used for communication beyond the local network.
    • ARP functions at the Data Link layer but relies on Network layer information.

    Attack Techniques

    • Heap spraying uses dynamically allocated memory to store attack code.
    • Slowloris attacks hold open web server connection buffers.
    • SQL injection injects SQL queries into a database server.
    • Buffer overflows send excessive data, exceeding allocated memory space.

    Subnet Masks

    • /23 network mask: 255.255.254.0
    • /22 network mask: 255.255.252.0
    • /20 network mask: 255.255.240.0
    • /21 network mask: 255.255.248.0

    Worms vs. Viruses

    • Worms and viruses can use polymorphic code to change themselves.
    • Worms self-propagate, whereas viruses require user interaction.

    Data Breaches

    • Data breaches exceeding 10 million records annually emerged by 2005, with 200 million records breached in 2017.
    • Implication is wide-spread individual data compromise.

    Ethical Hacking Methodology

    • Replicating attacker methods helps improve security.
    • Ethical hacking actively tests systems for vulnerabilities, enhancing the target's security.
    • Aims to increase security without causing damage.
    • Penetration testing, red teaming, and similar activities overlap with ethical hacking.
    • A methodology ensures repeatable and verifiable testing procedures.
    • EC-Council's code of conduct stresses ethical behavior for CEH-certified professionals.
    • Reconnaissance, scanning, and enumeration are stages in the methodology.
    • Brute-force techniques can identify hostnames, but not comprehensively. Recursive requests are common for authoritative DNS responses. Zone transfer retrieves entire zone contents.
    • Tunneling attacks can hide one protocol within another, possibly for OS command transmission (eg. hide a command within a DNS request). DNS amplification attacks exploit small requests for large responses (exploit a DNS request to generate a large response). DNS recursion enables information lookup. XML entity injection is a web-based attack unrelated to DNS.
    • Ping sweeps identify responsive hosts without extensive port scans. Often ICMP is allowed through firewalls for troubleshooting. NIST cybersecurity framework includes five functions: identify, protect, detect, respond, recover.
    • Python interpreters generally are considered slightly slower than compiled programs, though the difference doesn't greatly impact malware. Python's many community libraries are useful, though Python requires an interpreter.

    Reconnaissance & Footprinting

    • Understanding the target system's environment is essential.
    • Reconnaissance identifies target details (people, location, network blocks).
    • Public information helps unearth potential vulnerabilities.
    • Wiping logs on a Windows system sometimes creates a log entry, potentially suggesting malicious intent.
    • Covering tracks can be difficult to achieve perfectly.

    Scanning & Enumeration

    • After network block identification, scanning and enumerating accessible systems/services is crucial.
    • Finding open ports, identifying services, and discovering running software are key elements for scanning.
    • Gathering details about services and software helps understand organizational structure.

    Network Layers

    • OSI model conceptually depicts network functionality.
    • Issues relating to functional mapping between network layers are discussed.
    • Routing and bridging are explained as Layer 2 vs Layer 3 functions.
    • TCP/IP architecture developed in the late 1960s, refined to become a network communication model.
    • MAC addresses identify network interfaces for local communication.
    • Physical layer protocols handle wire pulse management.
    • Different protocols can exist between OSI layers and within layers. 
    • Routing, switching, and bridging can reside in one networked device (e.g., router).
    • Proprietary protocols in early communication systems made interoperability difficult.
    • ISO standards, developed in the late 1970s, improved interoperability.
    • The seven-layer OSI model is visualized from the physical layer up to the application layer.
    • Messages are created from the application layer down.
    • Mnemonics like "Please Do Not Touch Steve's Pet Alligator" help layer memorization (usually memorized bottom to top).
    • Early protocols like 1822 and NCP were later supplanted by TCP/IP.
    • TCP/IP is conceptually simpler than OSI, with four layers, reflecting the usual implementation. Similar layers exist between the models (Application, Transport, Internet/Network, Link).

    Certificates

    • Certificates can be revoked; Diffie-Hellman is about key exchange, not revocation. Key management is broader than Diffie-Hellman’s role in establishing keys for encrypted communication.

    Additional Topics

    • Systems development and management

    • Systems analysis and audits

    • Security testing and vulnerabilities

    • Reporting

    • Mitigation

    • Ethics

    • Background

    • Analysis/assessment

    • Security

    • Tools, systems, and programs

    • Procedures/methodology

    • Regulation/policy

    • Ethics

    • Network technologies

    • Communications protocols

    • Telecommunications technologies

    • Network topologies

    • Subnetting

    • Communications Models (OSI & TCP/IP)

    • Topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, hybrid)

    • Physical networking (addressing, switching)

    • IP, TCP, UDP, Internet Control Message Protocol, and related internetworking components

    • Network architectures, network types, isolation, remote access

    • Cloud computing (storage, infrastructure, platform, software, IoT)

    • Maintaining Access: Maintaining access after compromising a system requires ongoing means of access, potentially involving rootkits or other software to conceal actions, and re-entry methods for cases of compromised systems going offline or system changes. Compromises are not guaranteed for re-entry. Exploits based on vulnerability can be invalidated by updates or patches.

    • Covering Tracks: Hiding actions or evidence is crucial, which may include altering logs or misrepresenting system data, such as network connections (malware can help with this)

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