Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is ischemia?
What is ischemia?
Lack of O2 or blood flow to the heart.
What is an EKG with ischemia characterized by?
What is an EKG with ischemia characterized by?
Inverted T wave.
What is stroke volume?
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood the heart is pumping out with each beat.
What is cardiac output?
What is cardiac output?
What is the equation for cardiac output?
What is the equation for cardiac output?
What is the equation for pulse pressure?
What is the equation for pulse pressure?
What does double product measure?
What does double product measure?
What is the equation for double product?
What is the equation for double product?
What is left ventricular pressure the same as?
What is left ventricular pressure the same as?
What plane splits the body into superior and inferior?
What plane splits the body into superior and inferior?
What plane splits the body in half anterior and posterior?
What plane splits the body in half anterior and posterior?
What plane splits the body into left and right halves?
What plane splits the body into left and right halves?
Measuring exerted force on the arteries when the heart contracts: ______
Measuring exerted force on the arteries when the heart contracts: ______
Measuring pressure on arteries when the heart relaxes: ______
Measuring pressure on arteries when the heart relaxes: ______
What is this equation for: (Diastolic + Diastolic + Systolic)/3 =
What is this equation for: (Diastolic + Diastolic + Systolic)/3 =
What is Einthoven's Law?
What is Einthoven's Law?
What is the Maximal Heart Rate formula?
What is the Maximal Heart Rate formula?
Unstable angina is a contraindication for a stress test.
Unstable angina is a contraindication for a stress test.
What drug is used for pharmacological stress tests?
What drug is used for pharmacological stress tests?
BRUCE Protocol increases incline and speed every _ minutes.
BRUCE Protocol increases incline and speed every _ minutes.
Naughton Protocol increases incline and speed every _ minutes.
Naughton Protocol increases incline and speed every _ minutes.
What does chronotropic refer to?
What does chronotropic refer to?
What does inotropic refer to?
What does inotropic refer to?
What does dromotropic refer to?
What does dromotropic refer to?
Modified chest lead MCL I shows what activity?
Modified chest lead MCL I shows what activity?
What activity does MCL 5 show?
What activity does MCL 5 show?
What is epinephrine used for?
What is epinephrine used for?
What is lidocaine used for?
What is lidocaine used for?
What is the use of nitrates/nitroglycerin/Isordil?
What is the use of nitrates/nitroglycerin/Isordil?
What do beta blockers (LOL) do?
What do beta blockers (LOL) do?
Inderal, propanolol & atoperol are all ______.
Inderal, propanolol & atoperol are all ______.
What does atropine (positive chronotropic) do?
What does atropine (positive chronotropic) do?
What is atropine used to treat?
What is atropine used to treat?
What does digitalis (positive inotropic) do for CHF patients?
What does digitalis (positive inotropic) do for CHF patients?
What drug can cause ST segment to drop, causing false positive stress tests?
What drug can cause ST segment to drop, causing false positive stress tests?
What type of drug is verapamil?
What type of drug is verapamil?
What is verapamil used for?
What is verapamil used for?
What can SVT be treated with?
What can SVT be treated with?
What does a diuretic do?
What does a diuretic do?
Lasix, thiazide & diazide are all _____
Lasix, thiazide & diazide are all _____
Heparin, aspirin, warfarin, & Coumadin are all ____
Heparin, aspirin, warfarin, & Coumadin are all ____
Urokinase, streptokinase or TPA are all _____ ('clot busters')
Urokinase, streptokinase or TPA are all _____ ('clot busters')
What is the artifact from electrical appliances near the EKG machine?
What is the artifact from electrical appliances near the EKG machine?
What artifact is caused by movement or respiration?
What artifact is caused by movement or respiration?
What artifact is associated with patient shaking/shivering?
What artifact is associated with patient shaking/shivering?
What heart sound corresponds to AV valves closing?
What heart sound corresponds to AV valves closing?
What heart sound corresponds to semilunar valves closing?
What heart sound corresponds to semilunar valves closing?
What heart sound indicates rapid filling?
What heart sound indicates rapid filling?
What heart sound is associated with atrial systole?
What heart sound is associated with atrial systole?
What does myocarditis refer to?
What does myocarditis refer to?
What does endocarditis refer to?
What does endocarditis refer to?
Which artery supplies the inferior + posterior portion of the heart?
Which artery supplies the inferior + posterior portion of the heart?
Which artery supplies the lateral portion of the heart?
Which artery supplies the lateral portion of the heart?
Which artery supplies the anterior portion of the heart?
Which artery supplies the anterior portion of the heart?
What is the outermost layer of the artery?
What is the outermost layer of the artery?
Tunica externa is made of what type of tissue?
Tunica externa is made of what type of tissue?
Tunica media is made of what kind of tissue?
Tunica media is made of what kind of tissue?
What is the innermost layer of the artery?
What is the innermost layer of the artery?
Endothelial cells make up tunica intima.
Endothelial cells make up tunica intima.
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
Where is the SA node located?
Where is the SA node located?
Where is the AV node located?
Where is the AV node located?
What is the refractory period when the heart can respond if strong enough?
What is the refractory period when the heart can respond if strong enough?
What is the refractory period when the heart cannot respond to any stimulus?
What is the refractory period when the heart cannot respond to any stimulus?
What is phase 0 in the cardiac action potential?
What is phase 0 in the cardiac action potential?
What occurs during phase 1 of the cardiac action potential?
What occurs during phase 1 of the cardiac action potential?
What is phase 2 in the cardiac action potential?
What is phase 2 in the cardiac action potential?
What occurs during phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
What occurs during phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
What is phase 4 in the cardiac action potential?
What is phase 4 in the cardiac action potential?
What is automaticity?
What is automaticity?
What is conductivity?
What is conductivity?
What is excitability?
What is excitability?
What is contractility?
What is contractility?
What is the sympathetic response?
What is the sympathetic response?
What is the parasympathetic response?
What is the parasympathetic response?
What response increases HR, force of contraction & BP?
What response increases HR, force of contraction & BP?
What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the parasympathetic response do?
What is the parasympathetic response do?
What does acetylcholine maintain?
What does acetylcholine maintain?
What is vagal maneuver?
What is vagal maneuver?
What is carotid massage another name for?
What is carotid massage another name for?
Where is beta 1 located?
Where is beta 1 located?
Where is beta 2 located?
Where is beta 2 located?
Where is alpha 1 located?
Where is alpha 1 located?
Where is alpha 2 located?
Where is alpha 2 located?
What does alpha 2 deal with?
What does alpha 2 deal with?
When stimulated, what does beta 1 increase?
When stimulated, what does beta 1 increase?
Epinephrine decreases 'vasoconstriction'.
Epinephrine decreases 'vasoconstriction'.
Which of the following leads normally has a negative P wave and predominately negative QRS on the EKG?
Which of the following leads normally has a negative P wave and predominately negative QRS on the EKG?
When performing a stress test, 85% of the predicted maximum HR is used to determine the _____
When performing a stress test, 85% of the predicted maximum HR is used to determine the _____
Fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line is what precordial lead?
Fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line is what precordial lead?
Fifth intercostal space, left midaxillary line is what precordial lead?
Fifth intercostal space, left midaxillary line is what precordial lead?
Fifth intercostal space, left anterior axillary line is what precordial lead?
Fifth intercostal space, left anterior axillary line is what precordial lead?
With a blood pressure of 120/80, what formula is used to determine pulse pressure?
With a blood pressure of 120/80, what formula is used to determine pulse pressure?
Which of the following heart rates is most consistent with A flutter 2:1 block?
Which of the following heart rates is most consistent with A flutter 2:1 block?
What type of waves is most consistent with hyperkalemia?
What type of waves is most consistent with hyperkalemia?
Flashcards
Ischemia
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen or blood flow to the heart.
EKG Ischemia
EKG Ischemia
Inverted T wave.
Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
Blood pumped per heartbeat.
Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulse Pressure (PP)
Pulse Pressure (PP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Double Product
Double Product
Signup and view all the flashcards
Left Ventricular Pressure
Left Ventricular Pressure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transverse Plane
Transverse Plane
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coronal Plane
Coronal Plane
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sagittal Plane
Sagittal Plane
Signup and view all the flashcards
Systolic BP
Systolic BP
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diastolic BP
Diastolic BP
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bruce Protocol
Bruce Protocol
Signup and view all the flashcards
Naughton Protocol
Naughton Protocol
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dobutamine
Dobutamine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unstable Angina
Unstable Angina
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beta Blockers
Beta Blockers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Atropine
Atropine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Digitalis
Digitalis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Verapamil
Verapamil
Signup and view all the flashcards
S1
S1
Signup and view all the flashcards
S2
S2
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Terms and Definitions
- Ischemia: A condition characterized by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the heart.
- EKG with Ischemia: Typically shows an inverted T wave.
- Stroke Volume (SV): The volume of blood pumped by the heart with each heartbeat.
- Cardiac Output (CO): The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated using the equation CO = SV x HR (heart rate).
- Pulse Pressure (PP): Calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP).
- Double Product: An indicator of cardiac workload, calculated using the equation (Systolic BP x HR) / 100.
- Left Ventricular Pressure: Identical to systolic pressure.
Anatomical Planes
- Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Splits the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
- Sagittal Plane: Cuts the body into left and right halves.
Blood Pressure Measurement
- Systolic BP: Measures the force in arteries during heart contraction.
- Diastolic BP: Measures the pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest (relaxing).
- Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Calculated using the formula (DBP + DBP + SBP) / 3.
Cardiac Related Protocols
- Bruce Protocol: Increases speed and incline on a treadmill every 3 minutes.
- Naughton Protocol: Similar, but increases every 2 minutes.
- Dobutamine: A drug used in pharmacological stress tests.
- Unstable Angina: A contraindication for stress testing; true statement.
Pharmacological Agents
- Beta Blockers (e.g., Inderal, Propanolol): Decrease heart rate.
- Atropine: Increases HR and BP, used for bradycardia, asystole, and AV block.
- Digitalis (Digoxin): Enhances heart efficiency for CHF patients but can cause false positives in stress tests.
- Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that acts as a negative chronotropic and inotropic drug.
- Diuretics (e.g., Lasix, Thiazide): Help remove excess fluid from the body.
- Anti-coagulants (e.g., Heparin, Aspirin): Prevent blood clot formation.
- Thrombolytics (e.g., Urokinase, Streptokinase): Used as "clot busters."
Heart Sounds
- S1: Produced by the closing of the AV valves; referred to as "LUB."
- S2: Produced by the closing of the semilunar valves; referred to as "DUB."
- S3: Associated with rapid filling of the heart.
- S4: Associated with atrial systole.
Vascular Anatomy
- RCA (Right Coronary Artery): Supplies inferior and posterior portions of the heart.
- Circumflex Artery: Supplies the lateral portion of the heart.
- Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD): Supplies the anterior portion of the heart.
- Tunica Externa: The outermost layer of an artery made of connective tissue.
- Tunica Media: Middle layer of an artery comprised of elastic tissue.
- Tunica Intima: Innermost layer, composed of endothelial cells.
Cardiac Conduction and Phases
- SA Node: Located in the right atrium; the primary pacemaker.
- AV Node: Also located in the right atrium; conducts impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
- Refractory Periods:
- Absolute Refractory Period: The heart cannot respond to any stimulus.
- Relative Refractory Period: The heart can respond to a strong enough stimulus.
Cardiac Physiology
- Automaticity: The ability of heart cells to initiate an impulse.
- Conductivity: The ability to transmit an impulse.
- Excitability: The capacity to respond to an impulse.
- Contractility: The ability to contract in response to an impulse.
Nervous System Influence
- Sympathetic Response (Fight or Flight): Increases heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure; mediated by norepinephrine.
- Parasympathetic Response (Rest & Digest): Lowers heart rate and blood pressure, maintaining homeostasis; mediated by acetylcholine.
- Vagal Maneuver: Overstimulation of the vagus nerve that decreases heart rate and blood flow; includes carotid massage.
Other Cardiac Measurements
- Tall Peaked T Waves: Associated with hyperkalemia.
- Stress Test Endpoint: Determined at 85% of the predicted maximum heart rate.
- HR associated with Atrial Flutter 2:1 Block: Most consistent with 150 bpm.
- Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure: For a BP of 120/80, pulse pressure is determined using the formula 120 - 80.
EKG Interpretations
- Lead AVR: Typically shows a negative P wave and predominantly negative QRS complex.
- Modified Chest Lead MCL I: Displays atrial activity, while MCL 5 shows ventricular activity.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key cardiovascular concepts with these flashcards. Learn definitions and relationships between important terms such as ischemia, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Perfect for students preparing for cardiovascular clinical training.
