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Questions and Answers

What is ischemia?

Lack of O2 or blood flow to the heart.

What is an EKG with ischemia characterized by?

Inverted T wave.

What is stroke volume?

Amount of blood the heart is pumping out with each beat.

What is cardiac output?

<p>The amount of blood pumping out with each beat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for cardiac output?

<p>SV x HR = CO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for pulse pressure?

<p>Systolic BP - Diastolic BP = PP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does double product measure?

<p>Workload of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for double product?

<p>Systolic x HR / 100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is left ventricular pressure the same as?

<p>Systolic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plane splits the body into superior and inferior?

<p>Transverse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plane splits the body in half anterior and posterior?

<p>Coronal (Frontal).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plane splits the body into left and right halves?

<p>Sagittal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Measuring exerted force on the arteries when the heart contracts: ______

<p>Systolic BP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Measuring pressure on arteries when the heart relaxes: ______

<p>Diastolic BP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is this equation for: (Diastolic + Diastolic + Systolic)/3 =

<p>Mean arterial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Einthoven's Law?

<p>I + III = II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Maximal Heart Rate formula?

<p>220 - age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unstable angina is a contraindication for a stress test.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drug is used for pharmacological stress tests?

<p>Dobutamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

BRUCE Protocol increases incline and speed every _ minutes.

<p>Every 3 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naughton Protocol increases incline and speed every _ minutes.

<p>Every 2 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chronotropic refer to?

<p>Heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does inotropic refer to?

<p>Force of contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dromotropic refer to?

<p>Conductivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modified chest lead MCL I shows what activity?

<p>Atrial activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity does MCL 5 show?

<p>Ventricular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is epinephrine used for?

<p>Cardiac arrest or V Fib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lidocaine used for?

<p>PVC's or tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of nitrates/nitroglycerin/Isordil?

<p>Chest pain, angina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do beta blockers (LOL) do?

<p>Decrease heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inderal, propanolol & atoperol are all ______.

<p>Beta blockers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does atropine (positive chronotropic) do?

<p>Increases HR &amp; BP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atropine used to treat?

<p>Bradycardia, asystole &amp; AV block.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does digitalis (positive inotropic) do for CHF patients?

<p>Helps heart pump more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drug can cause ST segment to drop, causing false positive stress tests?

<p>Digitalis or digoxin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is verapamil?

<p>Negative chronotropic &amp; inotropic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is verapamil used for?

<p>Calcium channel blocker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can SVT be treated with?

<p>Verapamil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a diuretic do?

<p>Removes excess fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lasix, thiazide & diazide are all _____

<p>Diuretics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heparin, aspirin, warfarin, & Coumadin are all ____

<p>Anti-coagulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urokinase, streptokinase or TPA are all _____ ('clot busters')

<p>Thrombolytics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the artifact from electrical appliances near the EKG machine?

<p>AC interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artifact is caused by movement or respiration?

<p>Wandering baseline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artifact is associated with patient shaking/shivering?

<p>Somatic tremors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart sound corresponds to AV valves closing?

<p>S1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart sound corresponds to semilunar valves closing?

<p>S2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart sound indicates rapid filling?

<p>S3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart sound is associated with atrial systole?

<p>S4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does myocarditis refer to?

<p>Inflammation of the myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does endocarditis refer to?

<p>Inflammation of the endocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the inferior + posterior portion of the heart?

<p>RCA - Right coronary artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the lateral portion of the heart?

<p>Circumflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the anterior portion of the heart?

<p>Left anterior descending artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the artery?

<p>Tunica externa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tunica externa is made of what type of tissue?

<p>Connective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tunica media is made of what kind of tissue?

<p>Elastic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost layer of the artery?

<p>Tunica intima.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endothelial cells make up tunica intima.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

<ol start="126"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

<ol start="80"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the SA node located?

<p>Right atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the AV node located?

<p>Right atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the refractory period when the heart can respond if strong enough?

<p>Relative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the refractory period when the heart cannot respond to any stimulus?

<p>Absolute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phase 0 in the cardiac action potential?

<p>Rapid depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during phase 1 of the cardiac action potential?

<p>Early repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phase 2 in the cardiac action potential?

<p>Plateau phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?

<p>Rapid repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phase 4 in the cardiac action potential?

<p>Return to resting phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is automaticity?

<p>Ability to initiate an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conductivity?

<p>Ability to conduct or transmit an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is excitability?

<p>Ability to respond to an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contractility?

<p>Ability to contract in response to an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sympathetic response?

<p>Fight or flight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parasympathetic response?

<p>Rest &amp; digest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response increases HR, force of contraction & BP?

<p>Sympathetic response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Nor-epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parasympathetic response do?

<p>Lowers HR &amp; BP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does acetylcholine maintain?

<p>Homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vagal maneuver?

<p>Overstimulation of the nerve, dropping HR &amp; reducing blood flow to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is carotid massage another name for?

<p>Vagal maneuver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is beta 1 located?

<p>In the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is beta 2 located?

<p>In the arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is alpha 1 located?

<p>In the arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is alpha 2 located?

<p>In nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does alpha 2 deal with?

<p>Respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When stimulated, what does beta 1 increase?

<p>All 4 cardiac properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine decreases 'vasoconstriction'.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leads normally has a negative P wave and predominately negative QRS on the EKG?

<p>AVR</p> Signup and view all the answers

When performing a stress test, 85% of the predicted maximum HR is used to determine the _____

<p>End point of a submaximal exercise test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line is what precordial lead?

<p>V4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fifth intercostal space, left midaxillary line is what precordial lead?

<p>V6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fifth intercostal space, left anterior axillary line is what precordial lead?

<p>V5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

With a blood pressure of 120/80, what formula is used to determine pulse pressure?

<p>120 - 80</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heart rates is most consistent with A flutter 2:1 block?

<p>150</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of waves is most consistent with hyperkalemia?

<p>Tall peaked T waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Terms and Definitions

  • Ischemia: A condition characterized by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the heart.
  • EKG with Ischemia: Typically shows an inverted T wave.
  • Stroke Volume (SV): The volume of blood pumped by the heart with each heartbeat.
  • Cardiac Output (CO): The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated using the equation CO = SV x HR (heart rate).
  • Pulse Pressure (PP): Calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP).
  • Double Product: An indicator of cardiac workload, calculated using the equation (Systolic BP x HR) / 100.
  • Left Ventricular Pressure: Identical to systolic pressure.

Anatomical Planes

  • Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
  • Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Splits the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
  • Sagittal Plane: Cuts the body into left and right halves.

Blood Pressure Measurement

  • Systolic BP: Measures the force in arteries during heart contraction.
  • Diastolic BP: Measures the pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest (relaxing).
  • Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Calculated using the formula (DBP + DBP + SBP) / 3.
  • Bruce Protocol: Increases speed and incline on a treadmill every 3 minutes.
  • Naughton Protocol: Similar, but increases every 2 minutes.
  • Dobutamine: A drug used in pharmacological stress tests.
  • Unstable Angina: A contraindication for stress testing; true statement.

Pharmacological Agents

  • Beta Blockers (e.g., Inderal, Propanolol): Decrease heart rate.
  • Atropine: Increases HR and BP, used for bradycardia, asystole, and AV block.
  • Digitalis (Digoxin): Enhances heart efficiency for CHF patients but can cause false positives in stress tests.
  • Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that acts as a negative chronotropic and inotropic drug.
  • Diuretics (e.g., Lasix, Thiazide): Help remove excess fluid from the body.
  • Anti-coagulants (e.g., Heparin, Aspirin): Prevent blood clot formation.
  • Thrombolytics (e.g., Urokinase, Streptokinase): Used as "clot busters."

Heart Sounds

  • S1: Produced by the closing of the AV valves; referred to as "LUB."
  • S2: Produced by the closing of the semilunar valves; referred to as "DUB."
  • S3: Associated with rapid filling of the heart.
  • S4: Associated with atrial systole.

Vascular Anatomy

  • RCA (Right Coronary Artery): Supplies inferior and posterior portions of the heart.
  • Circumflex Artery: Supplies the lateral portion of the heart.
  • Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD): Supplies the anterior portion of the heart.
  • Tunica Externa: The outermost layer of an artery made of connective tissue.
  • Tunica Media: Middle layer of an artery comprised of elastic tissue.
  • Tunica Intima: Innermost layer, composed of endothelial cells.

Cardiac Conduction and Phases

  • SA Node: Located in the right atrium; the primary pacemaker.
  • AV Node: Also located in the right atrium; conducts impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
  • Refractory Periods:
    • Absolute Refractory Period: The heart cannot respond to any stimulus.
    • Relative Refractory Period: The heart can respond to a strong enough stimulus.

Cardiac Physiology

  • Automaticity: The ability of heart cells to initiate an impulse.
  • Conductivity: The ability to transmit an impulse.
  • Excitability: The capacity to respond to an impulse.
  • Contractility: The ability to contract in response to an impulse.

Nervous System Influence

  • Sympathetic Response (Fight or Flight): Increases heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure; mediated by norepinephrine.
  • Parasympathetic Response (Rest & Digest): Lowers heart rate and blood pressure, maintaining homeostasis; mediated by acetylcholine.
  • Vagal Maneuver: Overstimulation of the vagus nerve that decreases heart rate and blood flow; includes carotid massage.

Other Cardiac Measurements

  • Tall Peaked T Waves: Associated with hyperkalemia.
  • Stress Test Endpoint: Determined at 85% of the predicted maximum heart rate.
  • HR associated with Atrial Flutter 2:1 Block: Most consistent with 150 bpm.
  • Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure: For a BP of 120/80, pulse pressure is determined using the formula 120 - 80.

EKG Interpretations

  • Lead AVR: Typically shows a negative P wave and predominantly negative QRS complex.
  • Modified Chest Lead MCL I: Displays atrial activity, while MCL 5 shows ventricular activity.

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Test your knowledge on key cardiovascular concepts with these flashcards. Learn definitions and relationships between important terms such as ischemia, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Perfect for students preparing for cardiovascular clinical training.

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