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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What is the main function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
- Remains unchanged at the end of the process (correct)
- Changes its chemical structure
- Slows down the reaction rate
- Increases the activation energy
Why are catalysts considered indispensable in the chemical industry?
Why are catalysts considered indispensable in the chemical industry?
- They increase the pressure in the reactions
- They change their chemical structure during reactions
- They result in lower yield of products
- Approximately 85-90% of chemical industry products are obtained via catalytic processes (correct)
How do catalytic reactions differ from non-catalytic reactions?
How do catalytic reactions differ from non-catalytic reactions?
- Non-catalytic reactions have a lower reaction rate
- Catalytic reactions have higher activation energy
- Non-catalytic reactions are more efficient
- Catalytic reactions involve catalysts while non-catalytic reactions do not (correct)
What role does a catalyst play in providing a reaction path?
What role does a catalyst play in providing a reaction path?
What is the common product of the reaction involving acetic acid as the reactant in homogeneous catalysis in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
What is the common product of the reaction involving acetic acid as the reactant in homogeneous catalysis in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
Which metal is commonly used as a catalyst in the production of polymers in homogeneous catalysis in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
Which metal is commonly used as a catalyst in the production of polymers in homogeneous catalysis in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
What is the typical product formed when butadiene reacts in a homogeneous catalysis process in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
What is the typical product formed when butadiene reacts in a homogeneous catalysis process in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
Which type of catalysis involves the use of light to initiate a chemical reaction?
Which type of catalysis involves the use of light to initiate a chemical reaction?
In the State classification of catalysts, which category includes inorganic acids and bases?
In the State classification of catalysts, which category includes inorganic acids and bases?
What is a common product formed when propylene reacts with CO and H2 in homogeneous catalysis in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
What is a common product formed when propylene reacts with CO and H2 in homogeneous catalysis in the Chemical/Petrochemical Industry?
Which type of catalysts are commonly used in the catalytic cracking of crude oil?
Which type of catalysts are commonly used in the catalytic cracking of crude oil?
What catalysts are typically employed in the reforming of naphtha to produce gasoline?
What catalysts are typically employed in the reforming of naphtha to produce gasoline?
Which catalyst is used in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene?
Which catalyst is used in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene?
In which reaction is titanium tetrachloride/MgCl2 catalyst system commonly employed?
In which reaction is titanium tetrachloride/MgCl2 catalyst system commonly employed?
What catalysts are typically used in the ammonia synthesis reaction?
What catalysts are typically used in the ammonia synthesis reaction?
Which catalyst is involved in the reduction of NOx in exhaust gases?
Which catalyst is involved in the reduction of NOx in exhaust gases?
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Study Notes
Role of Catalysts
- Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed, lowering activation energy.
- They increase reaction rates and allow reactions to proceed under milder conditions.
Importance in Chemical Industry
- Catalysts are crucial for enhancing efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and maximizing yield in industrial processes.
- They enable the production of chemicals with specific properties and required purity levels.
Catalytic vs Non-Catalytic Reactions
- Catalytic reactions involve a catalyst, which provides an alternative reaction pathway, often resulting in a lower energy barrier.
- Non-catalytic reactions proceed without catalysts, generally requiring higher temperatures and pressures and taking longer to complete.
Reaction Pathway
- Catalysts create a reaction path that allows reactants to convert to products via intermediate steps, facilitating the transformation process.
Common Products in Homogeneous Catalysis
- Acetic acid commonly undergoes reactions to produce various esters and other derivatives in the chemical/petrochemical industry.
- Butadiene typically produces styrene, a key component for synthetic rubber, through homogeneous catalysis.
Common Catalysts and Products
- Zirconium and titanium-based catalysts are regularly used in polymerization reactions, particularly for the production of polymers from ethylene and propylene.
- Common products formed when propylene reacts with CO and H2 include propylene oxide and various alcohols.
- In the catalytic cracking of crude oil, zeolite catalysts are the preferred choice due to their effectiveness in breaking down larger hydrocarbons.
Light-Activated Catalysis
- Photocatalysis involves using light to initiate chemical reactions, expanding the range of reactions possible in the presence of catalysts.
State Classification of Catalysts
- Inorganic acids and bases are categorized as state catalysts, impacting a variety of chemical transformations.
Ammonia Synthesis and NOx Reduction
- Iron catalysts are typically used in the Haber process for synthesizing ammonia, crucial for fertilizer production.
- Catalysts involved in the reduction of NOx in exhaust gases often include noble metals like platinum and palladium, contributing to cleaner emissions.
Reaction Systems
- The titanium tetrachloride/MgCl2 catalyst system is commonly employed in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene to produce a range of thermoplastics.
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