Questions and Answers
How many cycles of counter 1 must be completed for counter 2 to complete its first cycle?
What is the overall modulus of the two cascaded decade counters described?
What frequency is achieved when dividing a 1 MHz clock signal by 10?
To obtain a frequency of 1 kHz from a 1 MHz clock signal using cascaded counters, how many total divisions by 10 are required?
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What is the purpose of cascading counters?
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Which of the following frequencies can be achieved using a series of cascaded decade counters configured as described?
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What is a practical application of cascaded counters in digital electronics?
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In asynchronous cascading, what drives the input of the next counter?
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Which function is necessary for synchronous cascading to operate correctly?
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What happens to counter 2 after counter 1 reaches terminal count for the second time?
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What does the terminal count output (TC) signify in a counter?
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What is the benefit of a countdown chain in frequency division?
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In the modulus-100 counter using two cascaded decade counters, what happens when the first counter reaches its terminal count?
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How is the terminal count output of the first counter connected to the second counter in a synchronous cascade?
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What type of counters are connected in asynchronous cascading?
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Which of the following statements about cascaded counters is incorrect?
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What is the output when a 3-bit binary counter reaches the binary state 6?
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Which type of decoding is achieved by replacing an AND gate with a NAND gate?
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In a digital clock, which component is used to convert a 60 Hz sinusoidal AC voltage to a usable pulse waveform?
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How does a divide-by-10 counter function within the digital clock system?
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What range does the synchronous decade counter count from in a digital clock application?
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What happens at the terminal count of 59 in the digital clock application?
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Which of the following is not a use for a counter in digital applications?
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Which component is crucial for asynchronously clearing a counter at a specific count in a digital clock?
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Study Notes
Cascaded Counters
- Cascaded counters allow for higher-modulus counting by connecting the last-stage output of one counter to the input of the next.
- Asynchronous cascading involves counters that operate independently, with a classic example being a 2-bit ripple counter connected to a 3-bit ripple counter.
Timing Diagram
- Timing diagrams illustrate the states and transitions in cascaded counter configurations, showing how outputs change over time.
Synchronous Cascading
- Synchronous cascaded counters use count enable (CTEN) and terminal count (TC) functions for operation.
- CTEN, sometimes labeled simply as G, and TC are critical for higher-modulus operation.
- An example includes a modulus-100 counter formed by cascading two decade counters.
Counter Interaction
- The TC output of the first counter connects to the CTEN input of the second counter, enabling it only after the first counter reaches its terminal count.
- Counter 2 increments only after counter 1 completes ten full cycles, resulting in a combined modulus of 100.
Frequency Divider Example
- To derive desired frequencies (e.g., 100 kHz, 10 kHz, 1 kHz) from a 1 MHz clock, a series of cascading decade counters can be employed.
- Each counter stage divides the frequency by 10, effectively creating a divide-by-1000 configuration.
Counter Decoding
- Decoding counter states allows for specific outputs based on certain binary states.
- Example: To decode the binary state 6 (110) from a 3-bit counter, AND gates are used for active-HIGH decoding; replacing it with a NAND gate provides active-LOW decoding.
Counter Applications
- Digital clocks serve as a prime application for counters, often using a 60 Hz input signal converted to 1 Hz.
- Conventional implementations include a divide-by-60 counter composed of a divide-by-10 counter followed by a divide-by-6 counter.
- Synchronous decade counters are utilized to count seconds, minutes, and hours, recycling every 60 counts.
- A truncated sequence in the divide-by-6 counter is achieved by using a decoder to asynchronously clear the counter at count 6.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of cascaded counters, both asynchronous and synchronous, along with timing diagrams that illustrate their states and transitions. Understand how different configurations operate to achieve higher modulus counting through examples such as ripple counters.
