CAS Public Speaking Final 2017

Public Speaking and Empowerment

• Public speaking empowers individuals to influence matters they care about and create change.

Communication Process

• The channel in speech communication is the method through which messages are conveyed.

Listener Perspective

• A speaker's message is interpreted through the listener's unique frame of reference.

Interference

• Coughing during a speech exemplifies interference that disrupts communication.

Ethical Considerations

• Speechmaking involves ethical responsibilities due to its power to influence.

Understanding Ethics

• Ethics is the philosophical branch addressing human rights and moral dilemmas.

Ethical Speechmaking Guidelines

• Effective ethical speechmaking requires applying ethical principles and considering the audience's perspective.

Abusive Language

• Name-calling and derogatory language diminish personal dignity and respect.

Plagiarism Types

• Three forms of plagiarism include global, patchwork, and incremental.

Avoiding Plagiarism

• It’s crucial to cite sources for all quotations and paraphrased content to avoid plagiarism.

Ethical Listening

• Guidelines for ethical listening include allowing open and free expression of ideas.

Speech Development Mistakes

• A common error in speech preparation is attempting to cover too many topics.

Humor in Speeches

• Humor should be used carefully, focusing on light-hearted observations of human behavior.

Speech Characteristics

• A speech consists of three primary sections: introduction, body, and conclusion.

Engaging the Audience

• Capturing audience interest is the foremost task for any speaker.

Transitions in Speeches

• A transition sentence signals the conclusion of a speech.

Delivery Method

• The extemporaneous delivery involves becoming well-acquainted with the speech content, needing minimal prompts.

Effective Speech Delivery

• Key aspects of delivery include maintaining eye contact, using an expressive voice, and avoiding distracting habits.

Brainstorming Topics

• Brainstorming effectively assists in choosing a specific topic for a speech.

Steps for Speech Preparation

• Following topic selection, determine the general purpose of the speech.

General Purpose: Inform

• The purpose to inform positions the speaker as an educator or lecturer.

General Purpose: Persuade

• When the aim is to persuade, the speaker acts as an advocate for a viewpoint.

Specific Purpose Clarity

• The specific purpose articulates the exact goal for the speech.

Example of a Specific Purpose

• "To inform my audience about the history of the Super Bowl" serves as a precise specific purpose.

Poorly Phrased Specific Purpose

• "To explain how to write an effective job resume" lacks audience reference and clarity.

Distinct Ideas in Purpose Statements

• A specific purpose like "to persuade my audience to volunteer" is overly complex, containing multiple ideas.

Broad Specific Purpose Statements

• A specific purpose like "to inform my audience about climate change" is too broad to be effective.

Central Idea of a Speech

• The central idea encapsulates the major messages of the speech in one sentence.

Desired Response

• The primary goal of speechmaking is to elicit a targeted response from the audience.

Audience-Centeredness

• Public speakers should focus on the audience's needs and perspectives for effective communication.

Egocentric Audiences

• Audiences interpret messages based on their own existing beliefs and knowledge.

Types of Audience Analysis

• Types include demographic analysis and situational analysis.

Demographic Characteristics Example

• Cultural background is a key demographic characteristic to consider.

Situational Characteristics Example

• The size of the audience serves as an important situational characteristic.

Audience Attitude

• A crucial factor in situational audience analysis is the audience's attitude toward the topic.

Formality with Audience Size

• Increased audience size necessitates a more formal approach to delivery.

Benefits of Visual Aids

• Visual aids enhance the clarity and understanding of the speaker's message.

Graphs for Statistical Trends

• Graphs serve effectively to illustrate statistical trends in presentations.

Bar Graphs

• Bar graphs are particularly suited for comparing multiple variables.

Demonstrating Actions

• For discussions on physical moves, using one's self as a visual aid is effective.

Choosing PowerPoint Fonts

• Avoid using all capital letters and excessive fonts in presentations for clarity.

Practicing with Visual Aids

• Rehearse with visual aids to ensure smooth integration during the speech.

Visual Aid Timing

• Visuals should be displayed only during relevant parts of the speech.

Conversational Quality in Delivery

• Good delivery maintains a conversational tone, making it more engaging.

Nonverbal Communication

• Nonverbal communication includes body language and vocal tone rather than just words.

Types of Speech Delivery

• Political candidates often use manuscript delivery for precision.

Impromptu Speaking

• Impromptu speakers present with minimal preparation.

Extemporaneous Speech Advantage

• Extemporaneous speaking improves articulation and fluency for complex topics.

Conversational Quality Definition

• Speeches should sound spontaneous even if rehearsed to maintain audience engagement.

Vocal Inflection

• Inflection involves variations in the speaker's voice pitch for emphasis.

Vocalized Pauses

• Terms like "uh", "er", and "um" refer to vocalized pauses, which should be minimized.

Articulation

• Clear and distinct articulation helps ensure speech sounds are easily understood.

Kinetics

• Kinetics refers to the study of body movements as a communication form.

Library Catalogues

• Library catalogues compile resources including books and periodicals housed within.

Reference Works

• Encyclopedias, yearbooks, and quotation books serve as key reference resources.

Academic Databases

• Academic databases catalog articles from various scholarly journals, aiding research.

Quality Internet Research

• Evaluate documents for authorship, sponsorship, and recency when researching online.

Author Qualification Checks

• If an author's qualifications are unclear, perform an online search to verify credibility.

Research Interview Preparation

• Preparing questions is crucial for effective research interviews.

Note-Taking Techniques

• When taking research notes, differentiate between direct quotes, paraphrases, and personal ideas.

Preliminary Bibliography Purpose

• The preliminary bibliography compiles potentially helpful sources for research.

Using Statistics Effectively

• Statistics are powerful tools for engaging listeners and enhancing speech credibility.

Enhancing Examples with Statistics

• Combine examples with statistics for greater impact and relatability.

Quantifying Ideas with Statistics

• Statistics serve to quantify and lend support to speakers' ideas.

Clarifying Statistical Trends

• Presenting statistics through visual aids can clarify complex data.

Expert Testimony

• Citing an authority, like a Harvard business professor, provides credibility through expert testimony.

Language and Reality

• Language shapes perceptions by giving meaning to events and ideas.

Denotative Meaning

• The denotative meaning of a word reflects its literal definition.

Connotative Meaning

• The connotative meaning conveys the emotions or associations a word evokes.

Evoking Emotions with Language

• Utilize more connotative language to provoke emotional responses from the audience.

Abstract vs. Concrete Words

• Abstract words signify ideas, while concrete words refer to tangible objects, such as "writing" versus "aspirin."

Vivid Language Techniques

• Employ imagery and rhythm to enhance vividness in speech.

Metaphors in Speech

• Creative metaphors offer imaginative comparisons, enhancing audience engagement.

Repetition Benefits

• Repetition reinforces core ideas and creates a compelling speech cadence.

Alliteration Example

• Phrases such as "We will be candid, consistent, and confident" demonstrate alliteration's rhythmic effect.

Antithesis Definition

• Antithesis juxtaposes contrasting ideas within a parallel structure for dramatic effect.

Enhancing Speech Rhythm

• Use repetition and parallelism to create rhythmic flow in speeches.

Simile and Parallelism

• Comparisons like "A voter without a ballot is like a soldier without a bullet" blend simile with parallelism for emphasis.

Inclusive Language Guidelines

• Avoid gender stereotyping in occupational titles and social roles to promote inclusivity in speech.

Language Effectiveness Criteria

• Effective public speaking requires clarity and vividness, rather than technical language use.