Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of projection preserves angles but may distort area?
What type of projection preserves angles but may distort area?
A projection can simultaneously preserve both scale and direction.
A projection can simultaneously preserve both scale and direction.
False
What is the purpose of UTM zones in mapping?
What is the purpose of UTM zones in mapping?
To provide a systematic way of projecting the Earth's surface for accurate location and distance measurement.
A __________ projection is analogous to wrapping a paper around the Earth in the shape of a cone.
A __________ projection is analogous to wrapping a paper around the Earth in the shape of a cone.
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Match the following map types with their primary focus:
Match the following map types with their primary focus:
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What is a common use of equal-area projections?
What is a common use of equal-area projections?
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Cylindrical projections can only be wrapped around the equator.
Cylindrical projections can only be wrapped around the equator.
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In a Cartesian coordinate system, the coordinates are commonly referred to as __________ and __________.
In a Cartesian coordinate system, the coordinates are commonly referred to as __________ and __________.
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What is one purpose of a cartogram?
What is one purpose of a cartogram?
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Map metadata includes data sources, projections, and the author's name.
Map metadata includes data sources, projections, and the author's name.
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What is the scale of a map typically represented as?
What is the scale of a map typically represented as?
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___ is the process by which we turn raw data into useful information.
___ is the process by which we turn raw data into useful information.
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Match the following components of a map with their descriptions:
Match the following components of a map with their descriptions:
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Which symbol is NOT typically used in attribute mapping?
Which symbol is NOT typically used in attribute mapping?
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Analytical cartography only applies to newly created datasets.
Analytical cartography only applies to newly created datasets.
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Name one method of spatial analysis that involves no changes to the database.
Name one method of spatial analysis that involves no changes to the database.
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Which of the following is a catagory part in geographic problem?
Which of the following is a catagory part in geographic problem?
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Geographic coordinates specifically refer to Earth’s (or any planetery) coordinate system.
Geographic coordinates specifically refer to Earth’s (or any planetery) coordinate system.
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What is the term used to describe the analysis of information that refers to coordinates?
What is the term used to describe the analysis of information that refers to coordinates?
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A measure of the relationship between two random variables is known as _____ .
A measure of the relationship between two random variables is known as _____ .
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Which category of geographic problems pertains to the "purpose" of the solution?
Which category of geographic problems pertains to the "purpose" of the solution?
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The term 'spatiotemporal' refers to spatial progress over time.
The term 'spatiotemporal' refers to spatial progress over time.
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What aspect has dramatically increased machine power in relation to GIS?
What aspect has dramatically increased machine power in relation to GIS?
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Match the following components of GIS with their roles:
Match the following components of GIS with their roles:
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What does data in GIS represent?
What does data in GIS represent?
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The more data there is, the less effective GIS becomes.
The more data there is, the less effective GIS becomes.
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Name one of the divisions of people involved in GIS.
Name one of the divisions of people involved in GIS.
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What is one method of simplification used in GIS?
What is one method of simplification used in GIS?
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Match the following GIS concepts with their definitions:
Match the following GIS concepts with their definitions:
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Continuous fields can represent a finite amount of data.
Continuous fields can represent a finite amount of data.
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What do geographic objects in GIS represent?
What do geographic objects in GIS represent?
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What type of map uses colors, shades, or patterns to represent data values associated with specific geographic areas?
What type of map uses colors, shades, or patterns to represent data values associated with specific geographic areas?
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Isopleth maps represent nominal or ordinal scales.
Isopleth maps represent nominal or ordinal scales.
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What is the primary use of a raster representation in geographic data?
What is the primary use of a raster representation in geographic data?
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__________ are lines that join locations with the same value of a specific attribute.
__________ are lines that join locations with the same value of a specific attribute.
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Match the following types of geographic representations to their characteristics:
Match the following types of geographic representations to their characteristics:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of vector representation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of vector representation?
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Typical files used for vector representations include TIFF and JPG.
Typical files used for vector representations include TIFF and JPG.
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What does a choropleth map typically require to ensure accurate comparisons between regions of different sizes?
What does a choropleth map typically require to ensure accurate comparisons between regions of different sizes?
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What is the primary purpose of optimization techniques in spatial analysis?
What is the primary purpose of optimization techniques in spatial analysis?
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The Great Circle metric is used to measure the distance between two points on a flat plane.
The Great Circle metric is used to measure the distance between two points on a flat plane.
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What are spatial queries used for?
What are spatial queries used for?
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______ metrics provide the shortest distance between two points on a spherical globe.
______ metrics provide the shortest distance between two points on a spherical globe.
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Match the following measurement types to their definitions:
Match the following measurement types to their definitions:
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Which user interface paradigm is used for articulating spatial queries?
Which user interface paradigm is used for articulating spatial queries?
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GIS tools provide fast and inaccurate measurements compared to manual measurements.
GIS tools provide fast and inaccurate measurements compared to manual measurements.
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What method is typically used to calculate slope in spatial analysis?
What method is typically used to calculate slope in spatial analysis?
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Study Notes
Geographic Problems (Lecture 1)
- Geographic problems involve location aspects, both in the information and solutions.
- Examples include forest management (cutting, replanting, road construction) and national park accessibility.
- Farmers also solve geographic problems by managing fertilizer application.
- Scale is crucial in geographic problem-solving. It ranges from micro (crystal structure) to global (global warming).
- Intent (purpose) can be practical (emergency, money), or curiosity-driven.
- Time scale varies. Operational concerns smooth organization functioning, tactical deals with short term plans, and strategic addresses long-term goals.
- Geographic problems complexity often blends the categories.
Geographic Coordinates
- Geographic coordinates refer to Earth's coordinate system or any planetary system.
- Spatial coordinates encompass any coordinate system, including statistical spaces.
- Earth's coordinate system is a subspace of general space.
- Spatial coordinates have dimensions to define a location, resolution to detail, coordinate systems to represent locations(e.g. on Earth), and topology (direction, distance, size).
- Spatial analysis deals with information using coordinates.
Spatiotemporal
- Spatiotemporal concerns spatial progress in time or vice versa.
- Temporal changes are often measured by comparing spatial snapshots over time.
- Changes over time are calculated as differences across snapshots.
The Anatomy of GIS
- GIS hardware is directly linked to rising machine power.
- GIS software runs locally on user's devices.
- Development of GIS hardware and software are linked.
- GIS networks support the spreading of information and knowledge.
- Data in GIS represents selected geographic areas and has a dynamic relationship (no data—no GIS work).
- GIS often involves teams of people who design programs for users and design applications to solve problems.
- Procedures ensure GIS activities are within budgets maintain quality.
Geographic Representation
- Representations involve digital models of aspects of the earth's surface.
- Simplification is required because of computer limitations with infinite data.
- Simplification methods include spatial averaging and constant attribute value utilization.
- Discrete objects have well-defined boundaries and are countable (e.g., buildings, residents).
- Continuous fields have measurable variables across the surface (e.g., elevation, temperature).
- Vector fields show magnitude and direction, while scalar fields show magnitude alone.
Geographic attributes
- Nominal attributes have no rank, equidistance, or absolute zero. An example is a county.
- Ordinal attributes have ranks but no equidistance or absolute zero (e.g., grades).
- Interval attributes have ranks, equidistance, and no absolute zero (e.g., temperature).
- Ratio attributes have ranks, equidistance, and an absolute zero (e.g., concentrations).
- Cyclic attributes use a cyclic scale (e.g., angles, temperatures measured on a circle).
Raster and Vectors
- Raster: Dividing the world into cells and assigning values to each cell, used in remote sensing.
- Raster is good at showing geographical phenomena and for statistical inference.
- Vector: Represents curves through connections between points, and areas are represented by polygons.
- Vector is useful in detailed and precise data representation in geographic phenomena.
Projections by Model
- Cylindrical: Wrapping a cylinder around Earth (normal or transverse).
- Conic: Wrapping a cone around Earth (tangential).
- Azimuthal: Touching Earth at a point.
- Secant projections minimise distortions by allowing the projection plane to cut through Earth's surface.
- Map projections are used to represent a 3-D surface with a 2-D map, thus projecting Earth's surface on a flat surface.
The "Un-projected" Projection
- Plate Carrée or Cylindrical Equidistant Projection.
- Longitude as X, Latitude as Y.
- Neither conformal nor equal area; it preserves distances at the equator but distorts greatly at the poles.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
- Cylindrical projection (wrapped around a cylinder wrapped through the poles.)
- 60 zones, each 6 degrees wide, along lines of longitude.
- UTM zones use meters for coordinates for better accuracy.
Local Coordinate Systems
- Swedish Triangulated Grid (RT90, SWEREF 99): Plane orthogonal, uses meters, follows a standard shape of the Earth.
Converting Geo-references
- GIS applications often involve converting projections and ellipsoids.
- Street addresses need converting to coordinates for mapping.
- Place names can be converted using gazetteers to get coordinates.
Satellite-based Navigation and Positioning Systems (L5)
- GPS (and other systems) are satellite-based systems.
- GPS consists of three segments: space, control, and user.
- Various GPS types have different accuracies and costs. These include: Absolute, Differential, and Single/Network-based Real-Time Kinematic (RTK).
Equipment - Accuracy - Cost
- Quality of equipment and methodology determines accuracy.
- Cost of different methods is linked to accuracy.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum used in various remote sensing activities.
- Increasing wavelength equates to decreasing energy (decreasing temperature)
Spectral Reflectance
- Reflectance varies with the wavelength and type of surface.
- Instruments measure spectral reflectance for different wavelengths.
Remote Sensing
- Remote sensing utilizes reflected light and infrared to detect and measure landscapes and other phenomena.
- Spectral bands are used to capture different wavelengths of light for various purposes in remote sensing.
- Satellites used for remote sensng are listed in a table including satellite name, spectral bands, ground resolution (meters), type, and year.
Cartography and Map Production (L6)
- Cartography and creating maps using GIS.
- Two types of formal maps are reference maps (e.g., topographic maps), and thematic maps (e.g., population census maps).
Spatial Analysis
- Spatial analysis is about turning raw data into information.
- Methods for analysis cover queries, measurements, transformations, descriptive summaries, and hypothesis testing.
Spatial Interpolation
- Spatial interpolation estimates values at unobserved points based on observed points.
- Common methods include Thiessen polygons, inverse-distance weighting (IDW), and Kriging.
Descriptive Summaries, Optimization and Hypothesis Testing
- Descriptive summaries capture geographic patterns and phenomena through simple statistics.
- Optimisation in GIS deals with finding the best solutions (e.g., location, routes).
- Hypothesis testing uses statistical methods to test ideas and make conclusions.
Optimization
- Optimization in GIS analyses patterns for creating better designs.
- The objectives might include minimal travel time or costs.
- Optimization approaches may include minimizing aggregate travel distance.
Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing
- Statistical methods for estimating uncertainty in continuous surfaces (accounting for autocorrelations).
- Non-parametric approaches may be needed for hypothesis testing when covariance is not a feature of the data.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cartography and map projections with this quiz. It covers various projection types, their properties, and the purpose of UTM zones. Additionally, discover the functions of different map types and spatial analysis methods.
