Cartilage and Bone Growth Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?

Interstitial growth is growth from within (chondroblasts divide/secrete ECM), while appositional growth is growth from outside (perichondrial/periosteal cells differentiate into chondroblasts/osteoblasts and secrete ECM)

Can cartilage grow interstitially or appositionally?

True (A)

Can bone grow interstitially or appositionally?

False (B)

Which bones are formed through intramembranous ossification?

<p>Membranous bones like flat bones in the skull form directly from mesenchyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the skull bones change shape and size to accommodate a growing brain.

<p>The skull allows for growth as the inner surface is eaten away and layers are added to the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are craniosynostosis?

<p>Early fusion of cranial sutures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fontanelles?

<p>Soft spots found in the early stages of skull development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are formed through endochondral ossification?

<p>All bones from the base of the skull down (except for the clavicles) are formed this way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is periosteum?

<p>A membrane of fibrous connective tissue that covers the external surface of bones of the skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary center of ossification?

<p>The periosteum at midshaft produces osteoblasts that form a bony collar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a periosteal bud?

<p>It consists of a nutrient artery and vein, along with the cells that will form the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diaphysis?

<p>The elongated shaft of a long bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is epiphysis?

<p>Secondary bone structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a growth plate?

<p>Found between diaphysis and epiphysis, it is full of chondroblasts that cause height growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are all of the zones of the growth plate?

<p>Proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification, and resting/reserve zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the proliferation zone?

<p>Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, which allows cartilage to grow interstitially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the hypertrophic zone?

<p>Older cartilage cells enlarge, contributing to interstitial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the calcification zone?

<p>The matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and matrix begins deteriorating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the ossification zone?

<p>New bone is forming as osteoblasts lay down hydroxyapatite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

<p>Epiphysis separates from diaphysis at the growth plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bone grow in width?

<p>Through endochondral ossification, where pull from muscles can alter the shape of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do primary centers of ossification form?

<p>In the third month of fetal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do secondary centers of ossification form?

<p>Shortly before or after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does a growth plate close, in general?

<p>Growth plates close after lengthening the bones during the two decades following birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must bone be remodeled?

<p>To maintain blood calcium levels and repair bone structure, which is completely done every 7 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of bone remodeling. Which cells initiate it?

<p>Bone remodeling occurs primarily at the endosteal surface and involves osteoclasts tunneling through old bone, followed by osteoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of fracture repair.

<ol> <li>Hematoma forms around the fracture 2. Chondroblasts from periosteum form fibrocartilaginous callus 3. Osteoblasts replace cartilage callus with unorganized bone 4. Bone is remodeled over time until fracture cannot be seen.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is critical for bone healing post-fracture?

<p>The periosteum, as it serves as a source of osteoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the auditory ossicles?

<p>Incus, malleus, stapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ribs are there?

<ol start="12"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different regions of the vertebral column?

<p>Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (sacrum), and coccygeal (coccyx).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four categories of bones?

<p>Long, short, flat, and irregular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

<p>The axial skeleton forms the long axis of the body, protecting the brain and spinal cord, while the appendicular skeleton consists of limbs and girdles attaching them to the axial skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What passes through foramina?

<p>Cranial nerves and the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the neurocranium?

<p>To protect the brain and house the organs for hearing and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the facial skeleton?

<p>Protects the sense organs for sight, smell, and taste and provides passageways for air and food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the auditory ossicles do?

<p>Amplify sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a blow to the head force the bones of the skull apart?

<p>Fractures may follow sutures, known as a diastatic fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pterion, and why would a blow to it be dangerous?

<p>It is thin and near arteries, so damage can cause hematoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the paranasal sinuses located, and what do they do?

<p>They are all connected to the nasal cavity and help warm/condition air and make the skull lighter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different paranasal sinuses?

<p>Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hyoid located?

<p>Just inferior to the mandible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the hyoid unique versus other bones in the body?

<p>It is not attached to any other bone of the body, but has 9 muscle attachments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hyoid?

<p>Anchors the larynx, important in swallowing and eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the sternum?

<p>Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ribs attach to the sternum?

<p>Ribs 1-10 attach to the sternum through costal cartilage; ribs 11-12 are floating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic parts of the vertebra?

<p>Body, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spinous process, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen, facet joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functionality of the vertebrae?

<p>Protection of the spinal cord and attachments for muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are cervical vertebrae 1 and 2 different from the rest?

<p>C1 (Atlas) has no body/spinous process to support the skull; C2 (Axis) has dens which allows for rotation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of an intervertebral disc?

<p>Anulus fibrosus, which is made of concentric layers, and nucleus pulposus, which deforms under pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are herniated discs most common?

<p>The lumbar region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a primary curvature and a secondary curvature of the spine?

<p>Primary curves are anteriorly concave (e.g., thoracic/sacral), while secondary curves are posteriorly concave (developing after birth).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kyphosis?

<p>Dowager's hump, caused by vertebral wedge fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lordosis?

<p>Swayback, common in the late stages of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scoliosis?

<p>Rapid growth of long limb bones that stretches many muscles, commonly observed in females during puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cartilage and Bone Growth

  • Interstitial Growth: Growth from within; involves chondroblasts dividing and secreting extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • Appositional Growth: Growth from outside; occurs when perichondrial/periosteal cells differentiate into chondroblasts or osteoblasts and secrete ECM layer by layer.
  • Both cartilage and bone can grow interstitially and appositionally, but bone can only grow appositionally on a pre-existing structure.

Ossification Types

  • Intramembranous Ossification: Formation of membranous bones directly from mesenchyme without a cartilage stage; exemplified by flat bones in the skull.
  • Endochondral Ossification: All bones from the base of the skull down (except clavicles) develop this way from a cartilage model.

Skull Development and Changes

  • At birth, the skull is not fully formed to ensure safe delivery and allow for brain growth.
  • As the brain grows, inner skull surfaces are remodelled while outer layers add, ultimately fusing bones through sutures.

Key Definitions

  • Craniosynostosis: Early fusion of cranial sutures, potentially affecting brain growth and shape.
  • Fontanelles: Soft spots in an infant's skull, facilitating growth and development.

Bone Structure

  • Periosteum: Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of bones.
  • Diaphysis: Elongated shaft of a long bone; primarily responsible for length.
  • Epiphysis: Secondary bony structures at either end of the diaphysis.

Growth Plates

  • Located between the diaphysis and epiphysis, growth plates are rich in chondroblasts that facilitate height growth.
  • Various zones in the growth plate include proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification, and resting zones, which characterize the stages of growth and development.

Bone Remodeling and Repair

  • Bone is constantly remodeled to maintain calcium levels and repair structural damage.
  • Fracture repair involves hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus development, conversion to unorganized bone, and eventual remodeling to restore normal bone appearance.

Vertebral and Skeletal Structure

  • The vertebral column consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, with each having distinct characteristics and functions.
  • Ribs attach to the sternum via costal cartilage, allowing flexibility, while floating ribs do not attach to the sternum.

Curvatures and Conditions

  • Primary curvatures (thoracic/sacral) are anteriorly concave; secondary curvatures (lumbar/cervical) form postnatally and are posteriorly concave.
  • Common spinal abnormalities include kyphosis (dowager's hump), lordosis (swayback), and scoliosis (lateral curvature), particularly prevalent during growth spurts or pregnancy.

Bone Types

  • Bones are categorized as long, short, flat, or irregular, each serving specific functions within the skeletal system.
  • Long bones are longer than wide (e.g., limbs); short bones are cube-shaped (e.g., wrist/ankle); flat bones (e.g., cranial bones) are thin and curved; irregular bones come in various shapes (e.g., vertebrae).

Unique Bone Features

  • The hyoid bone, located inferior to the mandible, is unique as it does not articulate with other bones and serves as an anchor for muscles involved in swallowing.

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary) are air-filled spaces that lighten the skull and condition inhaled air, lined with epithelium that can become inflamed.

Auditory Ossicles

  • Comprising the incus, malleus, and stapes, auditory ossicles serve to amplify sound transmitted from the eardrum.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the processes of cartilage and bone growth, specifically interstitial and appositional growth. It includes definitions and explanations of the mechanisms involved in these growth processes. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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