Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?
What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?
Interstitial growth is growth from within (chondroblasts divide/secrete ECM), while appositional growth is growth from outside (perichondrial/periosteal cells differentiate into chondroblasts/osteoblasts and secrete ECM)
Can cartilage grow interstitially or appositionally?
Can cartilage grow interstitially or appositionally?
True (A)
Can bone grow interstitially or appositionally?
Can bone grow interstitially or appositionally?
False (B)
Which bones are formed through intramembranous ossification?
Which bones are formed through intramembranous ossification?
Describe how the skull bones change shape and size to accommodate a growing brain.
Describe how the skull bones change shape and size to accommodate a growing brain.
What are craniosynostosis?
What are craniosynostosis?
What are fontanelles?
What are fontanelles?
Which bones are formed through endochondral ossification?
Which bones are formed through endochondral ossification?
What is periosteum?
What is periosteum?
What is the primary center of ossification?
What is the primary center of ossification?
What is a periosteal bud?
What is a periosteal bud?
What is diaphysis?
What is diaphysis?
What is epiphysis?
What is epiphysis?
What is a growth plate?
What is a growth plate?
What are all of the zones of the growth plate?
What are all of the zones of the growth plate?
What occurs in the proliferation zone?
What occurs in the proliferation zone?
What occurs in the hypertrophic zone?
What occurs in the hypertrophic zone?
What occurs in the calcification zone?
What occurs in the calcification zone?
What occurs in the ossification zone?
What occurs in the ossification zone?
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
How does bone grow in width?
How does bone grow in width?
When do primary centers of ossification form?
When do primary centers of ossification form?
When do secondary centers of ossification form?
When do secondary centers of ossification form?
When does a growth plate close, in general?
When does a growth plate close, in general?
Why must bone be remodeled?
Why must bone be remodeled?
Describe the process of bone remodeling. Which cells initiate it?
Describe the process of bone remodeling. Which cells initiate it?
Describe the process of fracture repair.
Describe the process of fracture repair.
What is critical for bone healing post-fracture?
What is critical for bone healing post-fracture?
What are the auditory ossicles?
What are the auditory ossicles?
How many ribs are there?
How many ribs are there?
What are the different regions of the vertebral column?
What are the different regions of the vertebral column?
What are the four categories of bones?
What are the four categories of bones?
Describe the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Describe the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
What passes through foramina?
What passes through foramina?
What are the functions of the neurocranium?
What are the functions of the neurocranium?
What are the functions of the facial skeleton?
What are the functions of the facial skeleton?
What do the auditory ossicles do?
What do the auditory ossicles do?
How can a blow to the head force the bones of the skull apart?
How can a blow to the head force the bones of the skull apart?
Where is the pterion, and why would a blow to it be dangerous?
Where is the pterion, and why would a blow to it be dangerous?
Where are the paranasal sinuses located, and what do they do?
Where are the paranasal sinuses located, and what do they do?
What are the different paranasal sinuses?
What are the different paranasal sinuses?
Where is the hyoid located?
Where is the hyoid located?
What makes the hyoid unique versus other bones in the body?
What makes the hyoid unique versus other bones in the body?
What is the function of the hyoid?
What is the function of the hyoid?
What are the three parts of the sternum?
What are the three parts of the sternum?
How do ribs attach to the sternum?
How do ribs attach to the sternum?
What are the basic parts of the vertebra?
What are the basic parts of the vertebra?
What is the functionality of the vertebrae?
What is the functionality of the vertebrae?
Why are cervical vertebrae 1 and 2 different from the rest?
Why are cervical vertebrae 1 and 2 different from the rest?
What are the two parts of an intervertebral disc?
What are the two parts of an intervertebral disc?
Where are herniated discs most common?
Where are herniated discs most common?
What is the difference between a primary curvature and a secondary curvature of the spine?
What is the difference between a primary curvature and a secondary curvature of the spine?
What is kyphosis?
What is kyphosis?
What is lordosis?
What is lordosis?
What is scoliosis?
What is scoliosis?
Study Notes
Cartilage and Bone Growth
- Interstitial Growth: Growth from within; involves chondroblasts dividing and secreting extracellular matrix (ECM).
- Appositional Growth: Growth from outside; occurs when perichondrial/periosteal cells differentiate into chondroblasts or osteoblasts and secrete ECM layer by layer.
- Both cartilage and bone can grow interstitially and appositionally, but bone can only grow appositionally on a pre-existing structure.
Ossification Types
- Intramembranous Ossification: Formation of membranous bones directly from mesenchyme without a cartilage stage; exemplified by flat bones in the skull.
- Endochondral Ossification: All bones from the base of the skull down (except clavicles) develop this way from a cartilage model.
Skull Development and Changes
- At birth, the skull is not fully formed to ensure safe delivery and allow for brain growth.
- As the brain grows, inner skull surfaces are remodelled while outer layers add, ultimately fusing bones through sutures.
Key Definitions
- Craniosynostosis: Early fusion of cranial sutures, potentially affecting brain growth and shape.
- Fontanelles: Soft spots in an infant's skull, facilitating growth and development.
Bone Structure
- Periosteum: Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of bones.
- Diaphysis: Elongated shaft of a long bone; primarily responsible for length.
- Epiphysis: Secondary bony structures at either end of the diaphysis.
Growth Plates
- Located between the diaphysis and epiphysis, growth plates are rich in chondroblasts that facilitate height growth.
- Various zones in the growth plate include proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification, and resting zones, which characterize the stages of growth and development.
Bone Remodeling and Repair
- Bone is constantly remodeled to maintain calcium levels and repair structural damage.
- Fracture repair involves hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus development, conversion to unorganized bone, and eventual remodeling to restore normal bone appearance.
Vertebral and Skeletal Structure
- The vertebral column consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, with each having distinct characteristics and functions.
- Ribs attach to the sternum via costal cartilage, allowing flexibility, while floating ribs do not attach to the sternum.
Curvatures and Conditions
- Primary curvatures (thoracic/sacral) are anteriorly concave; secondary curvatures (lumbar/cervical) form postnatally and are posteriorly concave.
- Common spinal abnormalities include kyphosis (dowager's hump), lordosis (swayback), and scoliosis (lateral curvature), particularly prevalent during growth spurts or pregnancy.
Bone Types
- Bones are categorized as long, short, flat, or irregular, each serving specific functions within the skeletal system.
- Long bones are longer than wide (e.g., limbs); short bones are cube-shaped (e.g., wrist/ankle); flat bones (e.g., cranial bones) are thin and curved; irregular bones come in various shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
Unique Bone Features
- The hyoid bone, located inferior to the mandible, is unique as it does not articulate with other bones and serves as an anchor for muscles involved in swallowing.
Paranasal Sinuses
- Paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary) are air-filled spaces that lighten the skull and condition inhaled air, lined with epithelium that can become inflamed.
Auditory Ossicles
- Comprising the incus, malleus, and stapes, auditory ossicles serve to amplify sound transmitted from the eardrum.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the processes of cartilage and bone growth, specifically interstitial and appositional growth. It includes definitions and explanations of the mechanisms involved in these growth processes. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
