Carriers in Infection
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes temporary carriers?

  • Being symptom-free
  • Having zoonotic diseases
  • Shedding the infectious agent for years
  • Shedding the infectious agent for short periods (correct)

Which type of carrier sheds the infectious agent indefinitely?

  • Environmental carriers
  • Zoonotic carriers
  • Chronic carriers (correct)
  • Temporary carriers

Infectious agents can exit the host through which of the following ways?

  • Consumption of unwashed vegetables
  • Inhaling spores
  • Skin lesions (correct)
  • Direct contact with soil

Which disease is transmitted through the respiratory tract?

<p>Tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about animal reservoirs?

<p>They can transmit zoonotic diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiological importance of carriers as a source of infection include?

<p>Carriers can transmit infectivity for many years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which job category is considered particularly dangerous due to carrier status?

<p>Food handlers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission involves direct contact?

<p>Direct transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious agent exits via the genitourinary tract?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which portal of exit involves shedding through saliva?

<p>Gastrointestinal tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carriers

  • Temporary carriers shed infectious agents for short periods
  • Chronic carriers shed infectious agents for indefinite periods, months, or years

Portal of Exit of Infectious Agent

  • Urinary carriers shed agents through urine
  • Fecal carriers shed agents through feces
  • Respiratory carriers shed agents through respiratory tract
  • Chronic typhoid carriers may be urinary or fecal

Epidemiological Importance of Carriers

  • Carriers are not recognized by people or themselves
  • Carriers move freely in the community
  • Their number may be greater than cases
  • Infectivity may persist for a long time (years)
  • Diagnosis requires laboratory investigations
  • Carriers pose a danger in certain occupations, such as food handlers, healthcare workers, teachers, or ticket collectors

Animal Reservoir

  • Vertebrate animals can be reservoirs and sources of infection
  • Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans, including:
    • Rabies
    • Brucellosis
    • Bovine tuberculosis
    • Leptospirosis

Environment

  • Soil can be a reservoir for tetanus spores

Portal of Exit

  • Respiratory tract: expectoration, coughing, sneezing (influenzavirus, TB, bacillus, measles virus, mumps virus)
  • Gastrointestinal tract: saliva (Rabies), feces (typhoid bacillus)
  • Genitourinary tract: urine (typhoid bacillus), genital secretions (gonorrhea, HIV)
  • Skin: skin lesions (syphilis and chickenpox), abrasions (breaks) in the skin

Modes of Transmission

  • Direct transmission: direct contact between reservoir and host
  • Indirect transmission: contact with contaminated environment or object

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Description

This quiz covers the types of carriers in infection, including temporary and chronic carriers, and their roles in shedding infectious agents. It also explores the different portals of exit for infectious agents, such as urinary, fecal, and respiratory carriers.

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