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Questions and Answers
What characterizes temporary carriers?
Which type of carrier sheds the infectious agent indefinitely?
Infectious agents can exit the host through which of the following ways?
Which disease is transmitted through the respiratory tract?
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Which of the following is true about animal reservoirs?
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What does epidemiological importance of carriers as a source of infection include?
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Which job category is considered particularly dangerous due to carrier status?
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What type of transmission involves direct contact?
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Which infectious agent exits via the genitourinary tract?
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Which portal of exit involves shedding through saliva?
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Study Notes
Carriers
- Temporary carriers shed infectious agents for short periods
- Chronic carriers shed infectious agents for indefinite periods, months, or years
Portal of Exit of Infectious Agent
- Urinary carriers shed agents through urine
- Fecal carriers shed agents through feces
- Respiratory carriers shed agents through respiratory tract
- Chronic typhoid carriers may be urinary or fecal
Epidemiological Importance of Carriers
- Carriers are not recognized by people or themselves
- Carriers move freely in the community
- Their number may be greater than cases
- Infectivity may persist for a long time (years)
- Diagnosis requires laboratory investigations
- Carriers pose a danger in certain occupations, such as food handlers, healthcare workers, teachers, or ticket collectors
Animal Reservoir
- Vertebrate animals can be reservoirs and sources of infection
- Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans, including:
- Rabies
- Brucellosis
- Bovine tuberculosis
- Leptospirosis
Environment
- Soil can be a reservoir for tetanus spores
Portal of Exit
- Respiratory tract: expectoration, coughing, sneezing (influenzavirus, TB, bacillus, measles virus, mumps virus)
- Gastrointestinal tract: saliva (Rabies), feces (typhoid bacillus)
- Genitourinary tract: urine (typhoid bacillus), genital secretions (gonorrhea, HIV)
- Skin: skin lesions (syphilis and chickenpox), abrasions (breaks) in the skin
Modes of Transmission
- Direct transmission: direct contact between reservoir and host
- Indirect transmission: contact with contaminated environment or object
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Description
This quiz covers the types of carriers in infection, including temporary and chronic carriers, and their roles in shedding infectious agents. It also explores the different portals of exit for infectious agents, such as urinary, fecal, and respiratory carriers.
