20 Questions
What is the result of our self-concept dichotomizing?
Two self-concepts: a real self-concept and an ideal self-concept
What is the ideal self-concept similar to?
Maslow's self-actualized person
What is the term Rogers uses to describe the degree of difference between the real and ideal self-concepts?
Maladjustment
What is the focus of Rogers' approach to counseling and psychotherapy?
Establishing a satisfactory counseling relationship
What is a criterion for effective psychotherapy, according to Rogers?
The therapist must demonstrate warmth and responsiveness to the client's emotional needs
What is the limitation on the client's emotional expression in Rogers' approach?
The client must express themselves in a way that is not harmful to others
What is the goal of Rogers' approach to counseling and psychotherapy?
To ameliorate the client's experience with maladjustment
What is the title of Rogers' book in which he lays out his new approach to counseling and psychotherapy?
Counseling and Psychotherapy
What is the reason for much well-intentioned counseling being unsuccessful, according to Rogers?
A satisfactory counseling relationship is never established
What is the term used to describe the process by which the therapist and client develop a sense of connection and understanding?
The subtle interrelationship
What is the primary cause of maladjustment according to Carl Rogers?
Incongruence between expectations and authentic self
What is the term for an individual's idea about their behavior, abilities, and personality?
Self-concept
What is the primary characteristic of unconditional positive regard?
It expects nothing in return
What is the term for the expectation that one will conform to a specific behavior to experience connection and affiliation?
Conditional positive regard
According to Rogers, what is the fundamental human need?
Social connection and affiliation
What is the primary difference between unconditional and conditional positive regard?
One is based on expectations, while the other is not
Why do we experience maladjustment, according to Rogers?
Because of incongruence between expectations and authentic self
What is the term for the expectation that one will adopt a particular belief system to experience connection and affiliation?
Conditional positive regard
What is the primary characteristic of human nature, according to Rogers?
Need for social connection and affiliation
What is the relationship between conditional positive regard and maladjustment?
Conditional positive regard leads to maladjustment
Study Notes
Carl Rogers' View on Psychological Abnormality
- Carl Rogers viewed psychological abnormality as resulting from unhealthy relationships, rather than being an inherent part of the person.
- He referred to this as "maladjustment", which occurs when the expectations and demands placed on an individual are incongruent with their true, authentic self.
Self-Concept and Human Nature
- Rogers believed that humans have a self-concept, which is an idea about our behavior, abilities, and personality.
- Humans are unique in having a self-awareness of their own existence.
- Human nature demands social connection to others, which Rogers referred to as "positive regard".
- There are two types of positive regard: unconditional and conditional.
Unconditional and Conditional Positive Regard
- Unconditional positive regard is a form of affiliation and human connection that expects nothing in return and has no conditions placed on it.
- Conditional positive regard has expectations of worth placed on the positive regard, such as conforming to specific behaviors or adopting certain beliefs.
Self-Concept Dichotomy
- The experience of conditional positive regard leads to a dichotomy in our self-concept, resulting in two self-concepts: the real self-concept and the ideal self-concept.
- The ideal self-concept is similar to Maslow's self-actualized person, where the individual is fully functioning.
- The real self-concept reflects the incongruences between who we are and who we should ideally be.
Maladjustment and Psychological Abnormality
- The degree of difference between the real and ideal self-concepts is referred to as maladjustment.
- Psychological abnormality is not a discrete phenomenon, but rather a range of expressive forms of maladjustment, such as depression, anxiety, or psychosis.
Rogers' Approach to Psychotherapy
- In 1942, Rogers published "Counseling and Psychotherapy", outlining his new approach to working with clients to alleviate maladjustment.
- Effective psychotherapy requires a therapist who demonstrates warmth, responsiveness, and empathy, while avoiding judgment and moralistic stances.
- The therapist should not coerce or pressure the client, allowing them to express themselves freely without harming others.
Explore the humanistic perspective of Carl Rogers, who believed that psychological abnormality arises from unhealthy relationships that contradict one's authentic self. Learn about Rogers' concept of self-concept and its significance in understanding human nature. Discover how social expectations can influence our behavior and personality.
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