Cardiovascular System - Week 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures returns blood to the right atrium?

  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Superior vena cava (correct)
  • Aorta

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart's pumping action?

  • Endocardium
  • Pericardium
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium (correct)

What is the function of the fluid found between the parietal and visceral pericardium?

  • To regulate heart rate
  • To lubricate the heart and reduce friction during contractions (correct)
  • To transport oxygenated blood to the heart
  • To provide structural support for the heart

Which of the following chambers of the heart has the thickest myocardium?

<p>Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence for the flow of blood through the heart, starting with the superior and inferior vena cava?

<p>Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart valves?

<p>To prevent the backflow of blood within the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes the narrowing of a valve, affecting blood flow?

<p>Valve Stenosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pressure differences on heart valve function?

<p>Both B and C are correct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the coronary sinus in the heart?

<p>It collects deoxygenated blood from the heart tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel is commonly referred to as the 'widow maker'?

<p>Left Anterior Descending Artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms Diastole and Systole refer to in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Diastole is when the heart relaxes; Systole is when it contracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?

<p>Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by no change in volume despite contraction?

<p>Isovolumetric Contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur to stroke volume if heart rate decreases to maintain a constant cardiac output?

<p>Stroke volume must increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes preload?

<p>The tension in the walls of the ventricle before contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does contractility affect stroke volume?

<p>Increases stroke volume independent of heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary force responsible for capillary exchange?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between end diastolic volume and ejection fraction?

<p>Higher end diastolic volume typically leads to a higher ejection fraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement differentiates sympathetic from parasympathetic regulation of the heart?

<p>Sympathetic regulation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic decreases it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines peripheral resistance?

<p>The resistance against blood flow within blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure regulates blood flow through the capillary bed?

<p>Sphincters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lymphatic capillaries?

<p>Collect interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures lacks specific features that classify it as an organ in the lymphatic system?

<p>Lymphatic follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systemic Circuit

Supplies oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart.

Pericardium

The protective membrane surrounding the heart composed of fibrous and serous layers.

Myocardium

The thick muscular layer of the heart responsible for contraction and blood pumping.

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Right Atrium

Chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior/inferior vena cava.

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Heart Valves

Structures that regulate blood flow direction through the heart.

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Valve Stenosis

Narrowing of a heart valve, restricting blood flow.

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Coronary Sinus

A vessel that collects blood from the heart walls and drains into the right atrium.

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Diastole

The phase of the heart cycle when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

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Systole

The phase of the heart cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out.

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Ejection Fraction

The percentage of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

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Cardiac Output

The volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

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Intrinsic Pacemaker

The SA Node that sets the rhythm for heart contractions.

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Preload

The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction.

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Contractility

The strength of the heart's contraction, independent of preload and afterload.

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Afterload

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

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Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction.

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Frank-Starling Law

The principle that the stroke volume of the heart increases with increased preload.

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Peripheral Resistance

The resistance of blood flow in the blood vessels.

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Capillary Exchange

The process of nutrients, gases, and waste moving between blood and tissues.

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Lymphatic Capillaries

Small vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

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Innate Immune System

The body's first line of defense against infection, which is non-specific.

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Adaptive Immune System

The body's specialized immune response that targets specific pathogens after exposure.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System - Week 1

  • Systemic & Pulmonary Circuits: The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

  • Location of the Heart: The heart is located in the mediastinum, the central area of the thoracic cavity.

  • Protective Membranes: The heart is surrounded by a double-layered serous membrane called the pericardium. The outer layer is the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer is the visceral pericardium. Between these layers is pericardial fluid, which reduces friction during heartbeats.

  • Fibrous Pericardium Fusion: The fibrous pericardium fuses with the serous pericardium, forming a tough, protective outer layer.

  • Pericardial Fluid Function: Pericardial fluid lubricates the heart, preventing friction during contractions.

  • Heart Wall Layers: The heart wall has three layers: the epicardium (outermost), myocardium (middle, muscular layer), and endocardium (innermost).

  • Gross Anatomy of the Heart (Anterior & Posterior): The visual anatomy of the heart includes its chambers and major vessels

Cardiovascular System - Week 1 - Heart Chambers

  • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.

  • Right Ventricle: Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

  • Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

  • Left Ventricle: Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body via the aorta. These chambers have thick muscular walls to withstand the increased pressure.

Cardiovascular System - Week 1 - Blood Flow

  • 10 Steps of Blood Flow: Start is the right atrium, the heart's first chamber, where blood enters, then it routes through the venous side of the body in order to proceed to the right ventricle which sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The next chamber is the left atrium which receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins, then the oxygenated blood travels to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the whole body through the aorta.

  • Oxygenation Status by Structures:

  • Pulmonary Arteries: Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

  • Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

  • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood.

  • Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

  • Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

  • Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

  • Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood to the body.

  • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: Carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

  • Chamber with Thickest Myocardium: The left ventricle. This is because it needs to generate significantly higher pressure to pump blood throughout the entire body.

Cardiovascular System - Week 1 - Valves

  • Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: Tricuspid (right AV) and mitral (left AV) valves; prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria during ventricular contraction.

  • Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery) and aortic (between left ventricle and aorta) valves; prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles during ventricular relaxation.

  • Valve Function: Valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart, preventing backflow.

  • Pressure Differences: Pressure differences between chambers determine valve opening and closure. Higher pressure in a chamber forces the valve open, while lower pressure causes it to close.

Additional Topics (Weeks 2 & 3):

These subsequent weeks will expand on the functioning and structure details of the heart. Sections discussed include oxygen levels, and labeling of different heart structures in detail. Further discussion includes electrical pathways and associated anatomy and physiology of the heart. Discussions include electrical conduction as well as overall structure.

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