Cardiovascular System: The Blood
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Questions and Answers

What are the three general functions of blood?

  • Oxygen storage, carbon dioxide transport, nutrient delivery
  • Transportation, regulation, protection (correct)
  • Hormone production, fluid balance, energy storage
  • Heat generation, waste accumulation, nutrient transformation

    • What is the approximate pH range of blood?

  • 6.0 to 6.5
  • 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
  • 7.0 to 7.3
  • 8.0 to 8.5

    • Which component of blood makes up the majority of its composition?

  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
  • Formed elements
  • Blood plasma (correct)

    • What percentage of body weight does blood typically constitute?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for obtaining blood samples?

    <p>Venipuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukocytes in the blood?

    <p>Combating toxins and microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the physical characteristics of blood?

    <p>Greater viscosity than water, temperature around 38°C, pH of 7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of blood is primarily responsible for clotting?

    <p>Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in phagocytosis?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adhesion molecules in white blood cells?

    <p>To help WBCs stick to the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes release enzymes to combat allergic reactions?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the chemical attraction of white blood cells to an infection site?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do white blood cells typically live?

    <p>A few hours or days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stem cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells?

    <p>Myeloid stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocytes is responsible for attacking infected body cells and tumor cells?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone, produced by the kidneys, increases the number of red blood cell precursors?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells are known to combat parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by a significant drop in hematocrit levels?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows red blood cells to deform as they pass through narrow capillaries?

    <p>Strong yet flexible cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells are particularly effective against bacteria and their toxins?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

    <p>Iron in heme groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is derived from lymphoid stem cells?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does polycythemia affect blood viscosity?

    <p>Increases viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do red blood cells have a limited lifespan of about 120 days?

    <p>They lack a nucleus and organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of mature red blood cells?

    <p>Biconcave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the globin portion of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed?

    <p>It is broken down into amino acids for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is iron transported to the red bone marrow after red blood cells are destroyed?

    <p>By transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is produced when the non-iron portion of heme is converted?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Decreased oxygen levels (hypoxia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a reticulocyte count measure?

    <p>The rate of erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition refers to an increase in the number of white blood cells?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do platelets play in the hemostasis process?

    <p>They form a platelet plug to stop bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of platelets in circulation?

    <p>5 to 9 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is involved in the differential white blood cell count?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the production of platelets from myeloid stem cells?

    <p>Thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for platelets per microliter of blood?

    <p>150,000 to 400,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of the hemostatic response to damaged blood vessels?

    <p>It is localized to the site of damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process initiates blood clotting after a vascular spasm?

    <p>Platelet plug formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low reticulocyte count typically indicate?

    <p>Shortage of EPO or poor response of bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the ABO blood group system?

    <p>People with type A blood produce anti-B antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an incompatible blood transfusion?

    <p>Agglutination of red blood cells and potential hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individuals classified in the Rh blood group?

    <p>By the presence of Rh agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of leukocytes in the body?

    <p>Combating inflammation and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granular leukocytes from agranular leukocytes?

    <p>Granular leukocytes have distinct granules that appear under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which type of stem cells do lymphocytes develop?

    <p>Lymphoid stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cross-matching process used for in transfusions?

    <p>To identify potential for agglutination when mixing blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of blood in regulating body functions?

    <p>To transport nutrients and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is typically composed of formed elements?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a key solute found in blood plasma?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of blood contributes to its role in temperature regulation?

    <p>Its high water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which component of blood would you most likely find leukocytes?

    <p>Buffy coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temperature of human blood?

    <p>38°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows blood to flow continuously in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common method for withdrawing blood for testing purposes?

    <p>Venipuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are red blood cells primarily responsible for transporting?

    <p>Oxygen and some carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of hemoglobin is responsible for oxygen binding?

    <p>Heme groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the formation of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transferrin in the red blood cell lifecycle?

    <p>To transport iron to the red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cells as they age and pass through small blood vessels?

    <p>Their plasma membranes become damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is produced when the non-iron portion of heme is metabolized?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompts the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Hypoxia (low oxygen levels)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do red blood cells generally live before being removed from circulation?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>Tissue factor from damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in blood clotting?

    <p>Accelerates formation of prothrombinase and activates platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the clotting cascade?

    <p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase occurs first in the blood clotting process?

    <p>Formation of prothrombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is primarily responsible for the increased RBC production in response to low levels of oxygen?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an abnormally high percentage of RBCs and increased blood viscosity?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plasmin in clotting?

    <p>Dissolving formed clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>It involves activators that are in direct contact with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell gives rise exclusively to lymphocytes?

    <p>Lymphoid stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does testosterone have on hematocrit levels in adult males compared to females?

    <p>It increases hematocrit levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly prevents the formation of inappropriate clots in the blood?

    <p>Fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anticoagulants in the blood?

    <p>To inhibit coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily regulates the differentiation of formed elements in blood?

    <p>Hemopoietic growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique physical feature of mature red blood cells allows them to traverse narrow capillaries?

    <p>Biconcave shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leukocytosis?

    <p>An increase in the number of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a significant drop in hematocrit levels typically indicate?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombopoietin in platelet production?

    <p>It promotes the maturation of megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of white blood cells per microliter in blood?

    <p>5,000 - 10,000 WBCs/µL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is a direct derivative of myeloid stem cells?

    <p>Both A and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hemostasis, what is the first process that occurs after a blood vessel is damaged?

    <p>Vascular spasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for combating parasitic worms?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to platelets during the platelet release reaction?

    <p>They release granules containing clotting chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a differential white blood cell count help diagnose?

    <p>Conditions based on the percentage of specific WBC types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do selectins play in the movement of white blood cells?

    <p>They help WBCs stick to the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of a platelet?

    <p>5 to 9 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neutrophils contribute to the immune response?

    <p>They undergo chemotaxis towards inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines leukopenia?

    <p>An abnormally low number of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell releases heparin and histamine during allergic reactions?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of most white blood cells?

    <p>A few hours to a few days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows white blood cells to exit the bloodstream?

    <p>Emigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukocytes develop from monocytes?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System: The Blood

    • The cardiovascular system includes three components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
    • Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements.
    • Interstitial fluid bathes body cells, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange.

    Blood Functions

    • Blood has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and protection.
    • Transportation: Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones.
    • Regulation: Blood helps maintain pH, body temperature, and water content in cells.
    • Protection: Blood prevents blood loss through clotting and combats toxins/microbes via phagocytic white blood cells or plasma proteins.

    Blood Characteristics

    • Blood viscosity is greater than water (thicker).
    • Blood temperature: 38°C (100.4°F).
    • Blood pH: 7.35-7.45.
    • Blood color varies with oxygen content.

    Blood Components

    • Blood is 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.
    • Plasma is primarily water (91.5%) and includes proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products.
    • Formed elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).
    • Hematocrit: percentage of red blood cells in whole blood (higher in males).
    • Blood volume ranges from 4-6 liters, and constitutes about 8% of body weight.
    • Samples can be obtained via venipuncture (e.g., median cubital vein), or finger/heel stick; arterial stick is taken from an artery.

    Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)

    • Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell development, mainly in red bone marrow.
    • Hematopoietic stem cells are the origin of all formed elements.
    • Myeloid stem cells give rise to erythrocytes, platelets, and most white blood cells.
    • Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes.
    • Growth factors (e.g., erythropoietin, thrombopoietin) regulate blood cell production; EPO is produced by kidneys to increase RBC precursors. Thrombopoietin is produced by the liver to stimulate platelet formation from megakaryocytes.

    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    • RBCs are biconcave discs without nuclei.
    • They contain hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein.
    • RBC lifespan: ~120 days.
    • Macrophages in the spleen and liver destroy worn-out RBCs.
    • Hemoglobin breakdown products are recycled or eliminated.

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • WBCs are nucleated and lack hemoglobin.
    • Granular leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) have granules.
    • Agranular leukocytes (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes) lack granules.
    • WBCs combat inflammation and infection (e.g., phagocytosis, antibody production).
    • WBC lifespan varies, generally a few hours to a few days.
    • Leukocytosis: increased WBC count.
    • Leukopenia: decreased WBC count.
    • Different WBCs combat inflammation and infection in different ways.
      • Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose (engulf).
      • Eosinophils have a role in allergic reactions and parasite combat
      • Basophils release histamine and heparin during inflammatory reactions
      • B-cells (lymphocytes) destroy bacteria/toxins and inactivate toxins, and are responsible for transfusion reactions and allergies. T-cells (lymphocytes) attack infected body cells, tumor cells, and are responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs
      • NK cells attack a wide variety of infected cells and tumor cells

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
    • Normal platelet count: 150,000-400,000/μL.
    • Platelets form a platelet plug at damaged vessel sites.
    • Platelets release chemicals that promote blood clotting.

    Hemostasis

    • Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding from a damaged blood vessel.
    • Stages: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting.
    • Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions and clotting factors.
    • Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways initiate blood clotting.
    • Clots are formed from fibrin threads.

    Blood Groups

    • Blood is categorized based on surface antigens (e.g., ABO, Rh).
    • ABO system includes A, B, AB, and O blood types.
    • Rh factor is another important blood group antigen.
    • Blood transfusions must be compatible to avoid agglutination (clumping).
    • Cross-matching is crucial for safe blood transfusions.
    • Blood is categorized into groups based on surface antigens. Within the ABO system, different blood types (A, B, AB, O) are determined and determined based on the presence or absence of A and/or B antigens. Plasma contains antibodies (anti-A and anti-B) that react with foreign antigens. Blood transfusions must be compatible to prevent agglutination (clumping).

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