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Questions and Answers
Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend from the ____ to the peripheral tissues.
Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend from the ____ to the peripheral tissues.
heart
Blood is carried away from the heart by:
Blood is carried away from the heart by:
Capillaries are often called ______ as their thin walls permit exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Capillaries are often called ______ as their thin walls permit exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.
exchange vessels
How many muscular chambers does the heart contain?
How many muscular chambers does the heart contain?
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The right atrium passes blood to the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the:
The right atrium passes blood to the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the:
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The left atrium empties blood into the left ventricle, which pumps blood into the:
The left atrium empties blood into the left ventricle, which pumps blood into the:
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When the heart beats, the ventricles contract at the same time and the right ventricle ejects a ____ amount of blood than the left ventricle.
When the heart beats, the ventricles contract at the same time and the right ventricle ejects a ____ amount of blood than the left ventricle.
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The heart has a series of ____ valves.
The heart has a series of ____ valves.
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The right atrioventricular (AV) valve is known as the:
The right atrioventricular (AV) valve is known as the:
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Semilunar valves include:
Semilunar valves include:
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Blood from the systemic circuit flows through the venae cavae into the:
Blood from the systemic circuit flows through the venae cavae into the:
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Which type of cells control and co-ordinate heartbeat?
Which type of cells control and co-ordinate heartbeat?
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Each heartbeat begins with an action potential generated at a pacemaker called the:
Each heartbeat begins with an action potential generated at a pacemaker called the:
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Electrical events of the conducting system can be monitored from the surface of the body by means of an:
Electrical events of the conducting system can be monitored from the surface of the body by means of an:
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The arrival of an electrical impulse at a cardiac muscle cell membrane produces an ____ (comparable to that in a skeletal muscle fibre), and this triggers the contraction of the cardiac muscle cell.
The arrival of an electrical impulse at a cardiac muscle cell membrane produces an ____ (comparable to that in a skeletal muscle fibre), and this triggers the contraction of the cardiac muscle cell.
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The period between the start of one heartbeat and the start of the next is called the:
The period between the start of one heartbeat and the start of the next is called the:
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In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle tissue contracts:
In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle tissue contracts:
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The cardiac conduction system contains each the following elements, EXCEPT:
The cardiac conduction system contains each the following elements, EXCEPT:
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The conducting cells in the atria are found in:
The conducting cells in the atria are found in:
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Each time the heart beats, a wave of depolarization travels down the ventricular septum to the apex of the heart, from where it spreads through the ventricular:
Each time the heart beats, a wave of depolarization travels down the ventricular septum to the apex of the heart, from where it spreads through the ventricular:
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The electrical activity of the heart can be monitored by means of an graphical recording, which gives information on performance off each of the following specific components, EXCEPT:
The electrical activity of the heart can be monitored by means of an graphical recording, which gives information on performance off each of the following specific components, EXCEPT:
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Which appears as the ventricles depolarize?
Which appears as the ventricles depolarize?
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The P-R interval is the time from the start of ______ to the start of the QRS complex and extension by even 0.2 sec can indicate damage to the conducting pathways or the atrioventricular (AV) node.
The P-R interval is the time from the start of ______ to the start of the QRS complex and extension by even 0.2 sec can indicate damage to the conducting pathways or the atrioventricular (AV) node.
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The Q-T interval indicates the time required for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of depolarization and repolarization and extension may indicate all of the following, EXCEPT:
The Q-T interval indicates the time required for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of depolarization and repolarization and extension may indicate all of the following, EXCEPT:
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The action potential in a contractile cell is different than that observed in a skeletal muscle cell in that it has each of the following distinct steps, EXCEPT:
The action potential in a contractile cell is different than that observed in a skeletal muscle cell in that it has each of the following distinct steps, EXCEPT:
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An action potential begins when the membrane of ventricular muscle cell reaches threshold (-75 mV) from the resting potential of -90 mV, this results in opening of:
An action potential begins when the membrane of ventricular muscle cell reaches threshold (-75 mV) from the resting potential of -90 mV, this results in opening of:
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The plateau phase of a cardiac action potential last for:
The plateau phase of a cardiac action potential last for:
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At the end of the plateau phase potassium (K+) channels open leading to a rapid repolarization that restores:
At the end of the plateau phase potassium (K+) channels open leading to a rapid repolarization that restores:
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In the cardiac cycle a phase of contraction is known as:
In the cardiac cycle a phase of contraction is known as:
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Systole is followed by ______ during which the chamber fills with blood.
Systole is followed by ______ during which the chamber fills with blood.
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There are ____ heart sounds
There are ____ heart sounds
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Cardiodynamics is NOT dictated by which of the following factors:
Cardiodynamics is NOT dictated by which of the following factors:
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Cardiac output is an indication of blood flow through peripheral tissues and provides a useful indication of:
Cardiac output is an indication of blood flow through peripheral tissues and provides a useful indication of:
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An increased heart rate is primarily caused by which one of the following:
An increased heart rate is primarily caused by which one of the following:
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An increased stroke volume is primarily caused by:
An increased stroke volume is primarily caused by:
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_______ is calculated as the end-diastolic volume (EDV, ~135 ml) minus the end-systolic volume (ESV, ~65 ml).
_______ is calculated as the end-diastolic volume (EDV, ~135 ml) minus the end-systolic volume (ESV, ~65 ml).
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The end systolic volume (ESV) is influenced by each of the following, EXCEPT:
The end systolic volume (ESV) is influenced by each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Pressure within the cardiovascular system, the circulatory pressure is often divided into each of the following components EXCEPT:
Pressure within the cardiovascular system, the circulatory pressure is often divided into each of the following components EXCEPT:
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For circulation to occur the pressure gradient must be great enough to overcome the:
For circulation to occur the pressure gradient must be great enough to overcome the:
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Blood flow is determined by the each of following parameters, EXCEPT:
Blood flow is determined by the each of following parameters, EXCEPT:
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Self-Assessment
- Blood flow: Blood flows through a network of blood vessels extending from peripheral tissues to the brain, digestive system, heart, and lungs.
- Blood carried away from heart: Blood is carried away from the heart by arteries.
- Capillaries: Capillaries are thin vessels that allow exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.
- Heart Chambers: The heart contains four muscular chambers.
- Right Atrium and Ventricle: The right atrium passes blood to the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit.
- Left Atrium and Ventricle: The left atrium empties blood into the left ventricle, which pumps blood into the systemic circuit.
- Ventricular Contraction: When the heart beats, the ventricles contract simultaneously, with the right ventricle ejecting a similar amount of blood compared to the left.
- Heart Valves: The heart has one-way valves.
- Right Atrioventricular Valve: The right atrioventricular valve is also known as the tricuspid valve.
- Semilunar Valves: Semilunar valves include aortic valves, which are associated with trunk valves or ventricular valves, or even venular valves.
- Blood Flow through Venae Cavae: Blood from the systemic circuit enters the right atrium via the venae cavae.
- Heartbeat Control: The heartbeat is controlled by specialized cells called cells of the conducting system.
- Pacemaker: The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart's pacemaker, initiating each heartbeat.
- Electrical Activity Monitoring: Electrical events of the conducting system are monitored by electrocardiogram (ECG).
- Cardiac Muscle Cell Impulse Arrival: The arrival of an electrical impulse at a cardiac muscle cell membrane produces an action potential, triggering contraction.
- Cardiac Cycle: The period between the start of one heartbeat and the start of the next is called the cardiac cycle.
- Cardiac Contraction: Cardiac muscle contracts in response to neural and hormonal stimulation.
- Cardiac Conduction System Elements: The conducting system includes conducting cells and contractile cells, but not necessarily those specific components.
- Atrial and Ventricular Conducting Cells: Conducting cells in the atria are found in internodal pathways, while the atrioventricular (AV) bundle carries stimuli to the ventricles.
- Wave of Depolarization: A wave of depolarization travels from the ventricles' septum to apex, spreading through the myocardium.
- Electrical Activity Measurement: Electrical activity of the heart can be measured by an ECG, but the recording might not necessarily include all mentioned aspects.
- Ventricular Depolarization Indication: Ventricular depolarization is visualized by the QRS complex on an ECG.
- P-R Interval: The P-R interval represents the duration from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of ventricular depolarization, potentially indicating conduction issues in the atrioventricular (AV) node.
- Q-T Interval: The Q-T interval represents the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization; it may reveal problems if prolonged.
- Contractile Cell Action Potential: Contractile cell action potentials include rapid depolarization and a plateau phase, diverging slightly from skeletal muscle cells.
- Action Potential Initiation: An action potential begins when the membrane of the ventricular muscle cell reaches threshold, opening fast and slow channels.
- Plateau Phase Duration: The plateau phase of a cardiac action potential typically lasts around 175-200 milliseconds.
- Restoration to Resting Potential: Restoration to resting potential is achieved via potassium channels' activation during the repolarization phase.
- Cardiac Cycle Phases: The cardiac cycle includes systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases
- Heart Sounds: There are two heart sounds (lub-dub) associated with the closing of the heart valves.
- Cardiodynamics Factors: Cardiodynamics are influenced by stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO).
- Cardiac Output Significance: Cardiac output reveals peripheral tissue blood flow.
- Factors Affecting Heart Rate: Increased heart rate is usually caused by increased sympathetic nerve activity.
- Stroke Volume Factors: Increased stroke volume is commonly linked to increased end-diastolic volume.
- End-Systolic Volume Determinants: End-systolic volume is primarily affected by preload, afterload, and the heart's contractility.
- Circulatory Pressure Components: Blood pressure is a key component of circulatory pressure but not the only one, also including hydrostatic pressure and capillary hydrostatic pressure.
- Pressure Gradients for Circulation: Blood flow depends on a pressure gradient to overcome total peripheral resistance.
- Blood Flow Determinants: Blood flow is affected by vessel radius, total peripheral resistance, blood pressure and vessel length.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with this self-assessment quiz. Explore key concepts such as blood flow, heart chambers, and the roles of arteries and capillaries. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy.
