77 Questions
Which medication class is known for preventing calcium from entering cells, resulting in decreased heart rate and myocardial contraction?
Calcium Channel Blockers
Which medication class is primarily used for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris?
Vasodilators
Which medication is associated with adverse effects such as headaches, drowsiness, flushing, fatigue, dizziness, and edema?
Amlodipine
Which medication is particularly used in severe hypertension but has potential serious side effects?
Minoxidil
Which medication class is known for increasing the force of contraction, slowing conduction, and increasing the refractory period of the heart?
Cardiac Glycosides
What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?
Blocking access to receptors in blood vessels
What is a common side effect of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) according to the text?
Dry irritating nonproductive cough
How do Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) differ from Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?
They have similar effects but do not inhibit Kinase II
Which condition are Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) NOT proven to decrease the risk of according to the text?
Asthma
What is a key consideration when administering the first dose of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) especially if the patient is on a diuretic?
Lowering the initial dose or stopping the diuretic 2-3 days prior
What is a unique adverse effect associated with quinidine?
Lupus-like syndrome
What is the specific first-line use of quinidine in the African American population?
Hypertensive crisis intervention
What is a common early sign of toxicity associated with quinidine that should be monitored?
Anorexia
Which drug works directly on smooth muscle to promote vein dilation and decrease oxygen demand?
Nitroglycerin
Why is it important to handle nitroglycerin carefully, avoiding light, heat, or moisture?
To maintain its explosive properties
What is the specific use of captopril?
Treatment of heart failure and nephropathy
Which drug category can cause rebound hypertension if stopped abruptly?
ACE inhibitors
What effect does aliskirin have on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
Suppresses the entire RAAS cascade
Which drug is a selective aldosterone receptor blocker with fewer side effects than spironolactone?
Eplerenone
For which condition is lisinopril specifically used?
Hypertension and heart failure
What is the term for a solution with the same concentration as plasma?
Isotonic
Which part of the nephron is responsible for early reabsorption of sodium and chloride?
Loop of Henle
What is the main function of diuretics in the body?
Enhance sodium and chloride secretion
Which diuretic is considered less potent and more suitable for outpatient use?
Hydrochlorothiazide
What is the action of diuretics like furosemide on sodium and chloride in the body?
Block reabsorption
Which term refers to the condition of decreased urine output?
Oliguria
What effect does blocking Na and Cl reabsorption have on urine excretion?
Increases urine production
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone in the context of diuretics?
Inhibits the Na-K pump leading to increased potassium retention
Which adverse effect is unique to loop diuretics like furosemide compared to other diuretics mentioned?
Ototoxicity
What is a common adverse effect experienced with triamterene, another potassium-sparing diuretic?
Dizziness
How does mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, differ from loop and potassium-sparing diuretics in terms of its mechanism of action?
Creates an osmotic force without affecting Na and K
Which diuretic is known for reducing intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure as part of its therapeutic uses?
Mannitol
What electrolyte imbalance is specifically associated with loop diuretics like furosemide?
Hypokalemia
Which drug interaction concern is unique to spironolactone among the mentioned diuretics?
Increased risk of digoxin toxicity due to potassium depletion
What caution should be exercised when administering triamterene related to its side effects?
Renal or hepatic disease caution due to differing drug onset times
What is the term for a solution that has a greater concentration than plasma?
Hypertonic
Which medication is used to treat high potassium levels by avoiding foods or medications containing K?
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
In the context of fluid volume excess therapy, what is the primary effect of diuretics on Na and Cl reabsorption?
Decrease Na and Cl reabsorption
What is the main classification of diuretics that blocks Na and Cl in the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule?
Thiazide diuretics
Which term refers to a condition characterized by abnormally low urine output?
Oliguria
What percentage of water reabsorption occurs in tubular secretion?
99%
Which term describes a solution with a concentration less than that of plasma?
Hypotonic
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone as a diuretic?
Blocks aldosterone receptors
Which electrolyte imbalance is NOT commonly associated with spironolactone use?
Hypokalemia
What is the unique adverse effect of triamterene among the mentioned diuretics?
Endocrine effects
Which drug interaction concern is common to triamterene and spironolactone as potassium-sparing diuretics?
Electrolyte imbalances
How does mannitol differ in mechanism of action compared to loop and potassium-sparing diuretics?
Creates osmotic force
Which condition is NOT listed among the therapeutic uses of loop diuretics like furosemide?
Hyponatremia
What is a common adverse effect of loop diuretics like furosemide that sets them apart from potassium-sparing diuretics?
Hypokalemia
What is the primary site of sodium absorption and diuretic action in the kidneys?
Loop of Henle
Which term describes a condition of abnormally low urine output?
Oliguria
What is the mechanism through which diuretics like furosemide impact urine excretion?
Increasing Na excretion
Which diuretic is less potent and more suitable for outpatient use?
Hydrochlorothiazide
What is the term for a solution that has a concentration greater than that of plasma?
Hypertonic
In the context of diuretics, what does the term 'nephron' primarily refer to?
Reabsorption process
What is the main classification of diuretics that blocks sodium and chloride in early reabsorption within the loop of Henle?
Potassium-sparing diuretic
Which electrolyte imbalance is NOT commonly associated with loop diuretics like furosemide?
Hyperkalemia
What is a common adverse effect associated with the potassium-sparing diuretic spironolactone?
Hyperkalemia
What is a unique adverse effect of triamterene among the mentioned diuretics?
Hyperkalemia
What electrolyte imbalance is specifically associated with spironolactone use?
Hyperkalemia
What is a common adverse effect experienced with mannitol, an osmotic diuretic?
Headache
What caution should be exercised when administering triamterene related to its side effects?
Electrolyte monitoring
Which drug interaction concern is common to triamterene and spironolactone as potassium-sparing diuretics?
Digoxin toxicity
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone as a potassium-sparing diuretic?
Inhibiting the Na/K exchange directly
Which medication is known for reducing intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure among the listed diuretics?
Mannitol
What electrolyte imbalance is specifically associated with loop diuretics like furosemide?
Hypokalemia
Which diuretic directly inhibits Na/K exchange, causing side effects such as dizziness, headache, and diarrhea?
Triamterene
What is a unique endocrine effect associated with triamterene among the mentioned diuretics?
Endocrine effects
Which electrolyte imbalance is NOT commonly associated with spironolactone use?
Hypokalemia
What is a common adverse effect experienced with mannitol, an osmotic diuretic?
Headache
Which term describes a condition of abnormally high urine output?
Polyuria
What electrolyte imbalance is specifically associated with the use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate or dialysis for treating high potassium?
Hyperkalemia
Where does urine formation primarily involve filtrations, reabsorption, and tubular secretion?
Kidneys
What is the most suitable diuretic for outpatient use due to being less potent compared to others?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Which term refers to a solution that has a greater concentration than plasma?
Hypertonic
What effect does blocking Na and Cl reabsorption have on urine excretion?
Increases urine excretion
Which classification of diuretics blocks Na & Cl in the early reabsorption in the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule?
Thiazide diuretic
Study the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) medications including Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. Learn about the mechanisms of action which involve reducing angiotensin II levels, dilating blood vessels, and their effects on receptors and bradykinins.
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