28 Questions
Which type of seizures results in abnormal neuronal activity in both hemispheres of the brain?
Generalized seizures
What is the most sensitive indicator of altered brain functioning?
Altered level of consciousness
In a condition where a client experiences excruciating pain radiating along the side of their face induced by shaving and eating, what disorder does the nurse suspect?
Trigeminal neuralgia
What is a potential cause of valvular incompetence, leading to peripheral vascular disease and chronic venous insufficiency?
Tobacco use
Which of the following is a component of the pathophysiology of shock that leads to lactic acid accumulation in the body?
Tissue hypoxia
Which of the following is the earliest sign of decreased cardiac output?
Oliguria
What condition is indicated when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis in a male infant?
Hypospadias
Identify which clinical manifestation is a common finding of all forms of heart failure.
Peripheral edema
What is the most common initial symptom of a suspected malignant tumor of the bladder?
Painless hematuria
What is a goal when treating anemia?
Improved tissue oxygenation
What is a compensatory mechanism for individuals with anemia?
Tachycardia
Which statement best describes the clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload?
Dyspnea, bounding pulses, and crackles
In the movement of electrolytes across the capillary wall, which process is primarily involved?
Diffusion
What is a common misconception regarding scabies?
Scabies can survive outside the host for an extended period of time
Which process is responsible for fluid distribution between the interstitial and intracellular compartments?
Osmosis
What is a possible cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
A venous blood clot from the lower extremities
Which of the following characteristics is associated with malignant tumors?
Invasion of local tissue and neighboring cells
Regarding hemophilia A, what is the correct statement?
Caused by a factor VIII deficiency
Which statement about Syphilis is true?
Can cause problems with the cardiovascular system
In the TNM system, what does 'T2.N1.M0' diagnosis indicate?
Locally invasive tumor with regional lymph node involvement; no metastasis
What should the nurse assess for in a client with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease?
Polyuria and polydipsia
Which of the following is NOT true about hemophilia A?
It affects more females than males
What assessment should the nurse complete for an otherwise healthy client with pneumonia?
Determine the respiratory rate
Which organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension?
The heart and kidneys
What chemical mediators are released during an inflammatory response causing hives, pruritus, and swollen skin?
Histamine and prostaglandins
What would the nurse expect the stools to look like in a client admitted with a bleeding gastric ulcer?
Black and tarry
In a client with a cervical spinal cord injury developing severe hypertension, bradycardia, head pain, and blurred vision, what is the likely cause?
Developing autonomic dysreflexia
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations?
Dysphagia, constipation, and orthostatic hypotension
Study Notes
Jugular Vein Distention and Heart Failure
- Jugular vein distention is a potential sign of right-sided heart failure
- It can also be a sign of peripheral vascular disease and chronic venous insufficiency
Causes of Valvular Incompetence
- Tobacco use can lead to valvular incompetence
- Excessive weight or obesity can lead to valvular incompetence
- Pregnancy can lead to valvular incompetence
- Prolonged standing can lead to valvular incompetence
Clinical Manifestations of Left-Sided Heart Failure
- Jugular venous distention may occur
- Peripheral edema may occur
- Cough with frothy sputum may occur
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea may occur
- Crackles auscultated in the lungs may occur
Hypospadias
- Defined as the urethral meatus located on the undersurface of the penis
Clinical Manifestations of Bladder Cancer
- Painless hematuria is the most common initial symptom
Goals of Treating Anemia
- Improved tissue oxygenation is a goal of treating anemia
Compensatory Mechanisms for Anemia
- Tachycardia is a compensatory mechanism for anemia
- Peripheral vasodilation is a compensatory mechanism for anemia
Types of Seizures
- Generalized seizures result in abnormal neuronal activity in both hemispheres of the brain
Indicators of Altered Brain Functioning
- Altered level of consciousness is the most sensitive indicator of altered brain functioning
Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Characterized by excruciating pain that radiates along the side of the face, induced by shaving and eating
Pathophysiology of Shock
- Tissue hypoxia causes lactic acid to accumulate in the body
Signs of Decreased Cardiac Output
- Oliguria is the earliest sign of decreased cardiac output
Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure
- Jugular venous distension is a common finding of all forms of heart failure
- Peripheral edema is a common finding of all forms of heart failure
- Reduced cardiac output is a common finding of all forms of heart failure
- Pulmonary edema is a common finding of all forms of heart failure
Signs and Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction
- Chest pain that radiates to the arm, back, or jaw may occur
- Chest pain that is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin may occur
Assessing Clients with Pneumonia
- Determining respiratory rate is an essential assessment
Organs Affected by Poorly Managed Hypertension
- The heart and kidneys are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension
Chemical Mediators in Inflammatory Response
- Histamine and prostaglandins are released during an inflammatory response
Appearance of Stools with Bleeding Gastric Ulcer
- Stools may appear coffee-ground-like
- Stools may appear black and tarry
Autonomic Dysreflexia
- Characterized by severe hypertension and bradycardia
- Clients may report severe head pain and blurred vision
Parkinson's Disease
- Characterized by little production of antidiuretic hormone
Signs and Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia
- Pallor, dyspnea, recurrent infections, and bleeding may occur
Causes of Pulmonary Embolism
- Venous blood clots from the lower extremities can cause pulmonary embolism
Fluid Distribution between Compartments
- Occurs through filtration across permeable capillaries
Clinical Manifestations of Fluid Volume Overload
- Dyspnea, bounding pulses, and crackles may occur
Movement of Electrolytes Across Capillary Wall
- Occurs through diffusion
Scabies
- Caused by mites that burrow under the skin in search of nutrients
- Intense itching is a predominant symptom
Metastatic Cancer
- Cells invade local tissue and overrun neighboring cells
- Cells that are genetically unstable and have rapid growth
Hemophilia A
- Caused by a factor VIII deficiency
- Affects males more frequently
Syphilis
- Caused by an anaerobic spirochete
- Can cause problems with the cardiovascular system and aortic necrosis
- Can cause damage to the central nervous system and cause blindness, paresis, and mental deterioration
TNM System for Cancer Staging
- T2.N1.M0 indicates a locally invasive tumor with regional lymph node involvement and no metastasis
Test your knowledge of potential causes of valvular incompetence leading to peripheral vascular disease, chronic venous insufficiency, and clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure. Select the correct options from the provided choices.
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