Cardiovascular System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?

Pulmonary stenosis

Overriding aorta

Large VSD

Mitral atresia (correct)

What primary issue characterizes hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Obstruction from the left ventricular outflow tract (correct)

Severe pulmonary hypertension

Underdeveloped right ventricle

Increased ventricular volume

What symptom is commonly observed during a hypercyanotic spell in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot?

Clubbing (correct)

Hypotension

Pallor

Fainting

Which complication arises as the ductus arteriosus closes in hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Decreased systemic perfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which defect does NOT directly lead to mixing of saturated and unsaturated blood?

Atrial septal defect Signup and view all the answers

Which valves prevent regurgitation from the ventricles into the atria?

Mitral and tricuspid valves Signup and view all the answers

Which structure attaches the free edges of the AV valves to the heart muscle?

Chordae tendineae Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of stenosis of an AV valve defined as being less than 1 cm²?

Reduced blood flow from the atria to ventricles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the semilunar valves is correct?

They open and close in response to pressure gradients. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does acetylcholine have on heart rate (HR)?

Decreases HR Signup and view all the answers

The Bainbridge reflex is sensitive to what condition in the body?

Stretch due to increased volume in the right atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent signaling from carotid baroreceptors?

Glossopharyngeal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the cusps of the aortic valve?

Right coronary, left coronary, and noncoronary cusps Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber is located posteriorly at the base of the heart?

Left Atrium Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed?

Isovolumetric ventricular systole Signup and view all the answers

Where is the mitral valve best auscultated?

Apex; 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels return blood to the right atrium from the systemic circulation?

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the aortic and pulmonic valves open?

Ventricular ejection Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean pressure in the right atrium?

4 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is primarily responsible for the active ejection of blood?

Left Ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the period of isovolumetric relaxation?

All four heart valves are closed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?

To provide a protective layer preventing overdistension Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for contractility?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

How does the thickness of the left ventricular myocardium compare to that of the right ventricle?

It is three times thicker than the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the conductive muscle in the heart?

To initiate and propagate electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which component separates the muscle mass of the atria and ventricles?

Fibrous skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic describes the shape and movement of the right ventricle?

Crescent shaped and moves like a bellows Signup and view all the answers

What maintains stroke volume in the left ventricle under varying mean arterial pressure?

The ability to undergo circumferential shortening Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is continuous with the tunica intima of the great vessels?

Endocardium Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the myosin head after ATP binds to it?

It releases the actin and returns to a relaxed stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of preload in the heart?

The venous return to the ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?

It binds to the troponin complex, allowing myosin to bind to actin. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased afterload have on the heart's performance?

It decreases the force of contraction and increases workload. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of T-tubules in muscle fibers?

To spread action potentials to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ejection fraction indicate?

The percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during contraction. Signup and view all the answers

How does contractility affect cardiac output?

Increased contractility boosts cardiac output by raising stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is considered the main index of afterload for the left ventricle?

Aortic systolic pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which defect is associated with increased pulmonary blood flow?

Atrial septal defect Signup and view all the answers

What defines a lesion that decreases pulmonary blood flow?

An obstruction leading to right-to-left shunting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an obstructive lesion?

Patent ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of Eisenmenger syndrome?

Reversal of shunting Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily a mixed lesion?

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the heart's postnatal development?

Increased left ventricular myocardium thickness Signup and view all the answers

Which of these maternal risk factors is associated with congenital heart defects?

Age over 40 Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital heart defect is primarily associated with right-to-left shunting?

Tetralogy of Fallot Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular and Lymphatics System

Heart Anatomy: The heart is cone-shaped, roughly 2/3 the size of a clenched fist, located in the mediastinum (between the sternum and spine) from T5 to T8, with 2/3 positioned left of the midline. Heart surfaces include sternocostal (anterior), diaphragmatic (inferior), and base (posterior).
Heart Valves: Locations for auscultating heart valves: Pulmonary (2nd intercostal space, left sternal border); Aortic (2nd intercostal space, right sternal border); Mitral (apex or PMI, 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line); Tricuspid (right half of the lower end of the sternum).
Cardiac Cycle Phases: The cardiac cycle has five phases: 1. Atrial systole/ventricular diastole (fast and slow filling), 2. Isovolumetric ventricular systole (passive); all 4 valves closed, 3. Ventricular ejection (fast and slow ejection); aortic and pulmonic valves open, 4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (S2 heart sound); aortic and pulmonic valves close, 5. Passive ventricular filling; mitral and tricuspid valves open.
Cardiac Pressures: Normal chamber pressures: RA (4 mmHg), RVESP (24 mmHg), RVEDP (4 mmHg), LA (7 mmHg), LVESP (130 mmHg), LVEDP (7 mmHg).
Heart Wall Layers: The fibrous pericardium surrounds and protects the heart, the serous pericardium (visceral and parietal layers) reduces friction, the myocardium is the muscular wall, and the endocardium lines the chambers.
Heart Conduction System: The SA node (pacemaker) is located at the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava and sets the heart's rate at 100 bpm. The AV node is located in the lower right atrium at the atrial septum, setting the heart's rate at 40-60 bpm. Electrical signals then travel through the AV bundle of His and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles, causing their contraction.
Heart Valves - Features: Atrioventricular (AV) valves have cusps, and annular rings which attach to chordae tendineae, preventing backflow. Semilunar valves have three cusps.
Coronary Blood Flow: Coronary blood flow is essential because it delivers oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium during diastole (specifically 80%). Factors affecting coronary blood flow include coronary perfusion pressure, metabolic factors, and autonomic nervous system input. Coronary steal and CAD can reduce blood flow.
Cardiac Output (CO): Is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute Is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (SV) by heart rate (HR) (normally 5 L/min). Factors that influence it include preload, afterload, contractility and heart rate.

Baroreceptors: Specialized receptors sensitive to pressure changes in the carotid and aortic arteries, help regulate blood pressure by influencing the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Bainbridge Reflex: A reflex that increases heart rate in response to elevated venous return, triggered by stretch receptors in the right atrium and venae cavae.
Valsalva Maneuver: Forced exhalation against closed glottis. Increases intrathoracic pressure, decreasing venous return, causing heart to respond by increasing contraction and BP and increase in PSNS activity and decreased HR.
Peripheral Resistance: Factors that impact peripheral resistance (e..g., blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, blood volume, and sympathetic nervous system activity) affect blood pressure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the heart, including heart valves and the phases of the cardiac cycle. This quiz covers essential concepts related to the cardiovascular and lymphatics system. Perfect for students studying human physiology or medicine.